Autor, D., Dorn, D., Lawrence F.K., Patterson, C., and Van Reenen, J.(2017),“The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms”, NBER Working Paper No.23396
Elsby,M.,Hobijn,B.,andSahin,A.(2013),“The Decline of the U.S. Labor Share”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, vol47,no.2,pp.1-63
”Physicists’ approach to studying socio-economicinequalities: Can humans be modelled as atoms?”
Kiran Sharma and Anirban Chakraborti https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.06051
A brief overview of the models and data analyses of income, wealth, consumption distributions by the physicists, are presented here(物理学者による所得分布等のモデルとデータ分析の簡単な概観が述べられている). It has been found empirically that the distributions of income and wealth possess fairly robust features, like the bulk of(〜の大部分) both the income and wealth distributions seem to reasonably fit both the log-normal and Gamma distributions, while the tail of the distribution fits well to a power law (as first observed by sociologist Pareto)(実証的に,所得と富の保有の分布はかなりロバストで,所得と富の分布の大宗bulkはかなり対数正規とガンマ分布に似ている一方で分布の尾tailの分布は(社会学者パレートに先ず観測された様に)冪法則に良くfitしている). We also present our recent studies of the unit-level expenditure on consumption(単位水準消費支出?) across multiple countries and multiple years, where it was found that there exist invariant(不変量・不変の) features of consumption distribution(消費分布に不変量の特徴→消費分布が一定である特徴?): the bulk is log-normally distributed, followed by a power law tail at the limit. The mechanisms leading to such inequalities and invariant features for the distributions of socio-economic variables are not well-understood. We also present some simple models from physics and demonstrate how they can be used to explain some of these findings and their consequences.
B.K. Chakrabarti, A. Chakraborti, S.R. Chakravarty and A. Chatterjee, Econophysics ofIncome and Wealth Distributions (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013).
S. Sinha, A. Chatterjee, A. Chakraborti and B.K. Chakrabarti, Econophysics: An Introduc-tion (Wiley-VCH, Berlin, 2010).
F. Slanina Essentials of econophysics modelling (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013).
M. Patriarca, E. Heinsalu, A. Singh and A. Chakraborti, “Kinetic Exchange Models asDDimensional Systems: A Comparison of Different Approaches”, in Eds. F. Abergel et al.,Econophysics and Sociophysics: Recent Progress and Future Directions(Springer, Milan,2017), pp 147-158.
所得分布の研究は古くからある研究であり,所得分布は,社会保障,労働,財政,マクロ,消費,経済統計など多くの領域にまたがる問題である.橘木俊詔(1998)『日本の経済格差』および,大竹文雄(2005)『日本の不平等』が,日本の経済格差の問題について大きな論争を呼びおこした.その結果,日本の不平等度が米国より高いということはないが,90年代以降,少しずつ上昇していることにはコンセンサスができてきている.一方,Journal of EconomicInequalityが2003年に発刊されるなど,世界的にも所得格差の問題は関心を集めている.
所得分布で用いられる…々の分布についてはKleiber and Kotz (2003)に詳しい説明がある.そして,本研究では2パラメータのパレート分布および対数正規分布を用いる.…指数分布の部分順序統計量にもとづく推定の研究はSaleh and Ali(1966)など,1960年代に盛んに行われていたが,Saleh and Ali (1966)では,この推定量をABLUE(Asymptotically BLUE)としている.
Nirei, M. and W. Souma (2007). “A Two Factor Model of Income Distribution Dy-namics,”Review of Income and Wealth,53, 440?459.
Saleh, A. K. Md. E. and M. M. Ali (1966).“Asymptotic Optimum Quantiles for theEstimation of the Parameters of the Negative Exponential Distribution,”Annals ofMathematical Statisitcs,37, 143?151.
Singh, S. K. and G. S. Maddala (1976). “A Function for Size Distribution of Incomes,”Econometrica,44, 963?970.
Kleiber, C and S. Kotz (2003).Statistical Size Distributions in Economics and Actu-arialSciences, Wiley, New York
連続数学でやってきたので離散数学は苦手なんだけど,有限の特許期間など微分差分方程式を解くなど,離散系も奥深そう。
有限の特許期間はLin and Shampine (2018)が the patent length does not essentially matter with respect to endogenous growth (or at least its qualitative properties)と結論付けてからはまあ良いかなって感じ。
Lin, H.C., Shampine, L.F., (2018) "R&D-based calibrated growth models with finite-length patents: A novel relaxation algorithm for solving an autonomous FDE systems of mixed type" Computational Economics 51, 123?158
Inflation and economic growth in a Schumpeterian model with endogenous entry of heterogeneous firms
Chu, Cozzi, Furukawa, Liao
European Economic Review 98, 2017, 392-409
ttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292117301319
・This article analyzes the effects of monetary policy on economic growth via a cash-in-advance constraint on R&D investment.
・We also calibrate the model to aggregate data of the US economy and find that the growth-maximizing inflation rate is about 3%, which is consistent with recent empirical estimates.
The optimal inflation rate under Schumpeterian growth
Oikawa & Ueda
Journal of Monetary Economics 100, 2018, 114-125
tps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393218303970
・An endogenous growth model with creative destruction and menu costs is constructed.
・With the calibrated model, the optimal inflation rate is about ?2%.
人的資本が減価する要因については, 前述の加齢・傷病による消耗 (wear)や, 技術進歩による陳腐化などが指摘されている(De Grip and Van Loo, 2002)。
De Grip, A. and J. Van Loo (2002) ?The Economics of Skills
Obsolescence: A Review," De Grip, A., J. Van Loo, and K.
Mayhew eds. The Economics of Skilles Obsolescence: Theoretical Innovations and Emripcial Applications, Elsevier, pp. 1-26.
Neuman, S. and A. Weiss (1995) ?On The Effect of Schooling
Vintage on Experience-earnings Profiles: Theory and
Evidence," European Economic Review, 39, pp. 943-945
Ramirez, J. V. (2002) ?Age and Schooling Vintage Effects
on Earnings Profiles in Switzerland," A. De Grip, J. Van
Loo, and K. Mayhew eds. The Economics of Skilles Obsolescence: Theoretical Innovations and Emripcial Applications, Elsevier, pp. 83-99
Blanchard, Oliver (1997)“The Medium Run,”Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 2, pp. 89?158
Karabarbounis, L. and B. Neiman (2014)“The Global Decline of the Labor Share,”The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 129, No. 1, pp. 61?103, feb, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt032.
Autor, David, David Dorn, Lawrence Katz, Christina Patterson, and John Van Reenen (2017)“The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms,”Technical report, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23396.
Dao, Mai Chi, Mitali Das, Zsoka Koczan, and Weicheng Lian (2017)“Why Is Labor Receiving a Smaller Share of Global Income? Theory and Empirical Evidence,”Technical report, International Monetary Fund.
De Grip, A. and J. Van Loo (2002) ?The Economics of Skills Obsolescence: A Review," De Grip, A., J. Van Loo, and K. Mayhew eds. The Economics of Skilles Obsolescence: Theoretical Innovations and Emripcial Applications, Elsevier, pp. 1-26.
Neuman, S. and A. Weiss (1995) ?On The Effect of Schooling Vintage on Experience-earnings Profiles: Theory and Evidence," European Economic Review, 39, pp. 943-945
Ramirez, J. V. (2002) ?Age and Schooling Vintage Effects on Earnings Profiles in Switzerland," A. De Grip, J. Van Loo, and K. Mayhew eds. The Economics of Skilles Obsolescence: Theoretical Innovations and Emripcial Applications, Elsevier, pp. 83-99
c 2019 International Monetary Fund WP/19/134
IMF Working Paper
Research Departments
The Price of Capital Goods: A Driver of Investment Under Threat
Prepared by Weicheng Lian, Natalija Novta, Evgenia Pugacheva,
Yannick Timmer and Petia Topalova
Authorized for distribution by Oya Celasun
June 2019 https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/06/29/The-Price-of-Capital-Goods-A-Driver-of-Investment-Under-Threat-46948?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Abstract
Over the past three decades, the price of machinery and equipment fell dramatically relative to other prices in advanced and emerging market and developing economies. Using crosscountry and sectoral data, we show that the decline in the relative price of tangible tradable capital goods provided a significant impetus to the capital deepening that took place during the same time period. The broad-based decline in the relative price of machinery and equipment, in turn, was driven by the faster productivity growth in the capital goods producing sectors relative to the rest of the economy, and deeper trade integration, which induced domestic producers to lower prices and increase their efficiency. Our findings suggest an additional channel through which rising trade tensions and sluggish productivity could threaten real investment growth going forward.
過去30年間、先進国、新興市場、途上国経済において、機械・設備の価格は他の価格と比較して劇的に下落した。クロスカントリーおよびセクター別のデータを用いて、有形流通資本財の相対価格の下落が、同時期に起こった資本深化に大きな推進力を与えたことを示す。機械・設備の相対価格が広範に下落したのは、資本財生産部門の生産性が他の経済部門に比べてより速く成長したことと、貿易統合の深化によって国内生産者が価格を引き下げ、効率を高めるように誘導されたためである。我々の調査結果は、貿易摩擦の高まりと生産性の低迷が、今後の実質投資の成長を脅かす可能性のある新たなチャネルを示唆している。