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一方日本は、このような参入障壁がない上に、コンビニやスーパーの惣菜など、他業界との競合も多いことから、利用者が飲食店に求める味のレベルは高くなり、提供価格は驚くほどに安い。いや、利用者にとってはいいことなのだが、飲食業者にとっては、厳しい条件が2つものしかかってくる。
そこで、セイラー教授とカリフォルニア大学ロサンゼルス校(UCLA)のシュロモ・ベナルツィ教授は、「セーブ・モア・トゥモロー(Save More Tomorrow、明日はもっと貯めよう)」というプログラムを考案した。一定の金額を401kへの積み立てに回すことを基準とし、貯蓄を増やすよう従業員たちを「ナッジ」するというものだ。
行動経済学の科学が直面する課題は、私たちが退職後に個人の尊厳を維持することを支援し、金融に関するその他の目標を達成することを支援するということだ。当然ながら、行動経済学には今後なすべきことが数多くある。だが、私たちはお金の問題に関して、以前より安全な世界にいる。セイラー教授の優れた働きのおかげだ。
John Wasik
経済学では選好パラメーターは一定と措くことが多いけどStigler & Becker(1977)辺りが云ってたらしい。論文の表題はラテン語みたいだけどどんな意味か判らん(;´Д`)
で,勿論,変化するってのも調べられてて,災害時にリスク回避的になったり主観的割引率が高くなったりするらしい(Voor et al. 2012, Cameron & Shah 2013)。まあ予想は付くけどねえ。
Reference
Stigler, George J. and Gary S. Becker. 1977. “De Gustibus Non Est Disputandum”
American Economic Review. 67: 76-90.
Voors, M., T. Turley, A. Kontoleon, E. Bulte, and J. A. List (2012): “Exploring whether
Behavior in Context-Free Experiments is Predictive of Behavior in the Field: Evidence from Lab
and Field Experiments in Rural Sierra Leone,” Economics Letters, 114(3), 308?311.
Cameron, L., and M. Shah (2013): “Risk-Taking Behavior in the Wake of Natural Disasters,”
NBER Working Paper 19534, National Bureau of Economic Research.
http://www.nber.org/papers/w9679
Firm-Specific Human Capital: A Skill-Weights Approach
Edward P. Lazear
NBER Working Paper No. 9679
Issued in May 2003
NBER Program(s):Labor Studies
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/648671?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Firm‐Specific Human Capital: A Skill‐Weights Approach
Edward P. Lazear
Journal of Political Economy
Vol. 117, No. 5 (October 2009), pp. 914-94
『時は金なり』の言葉の本質は機会費用(opportunity cost)の概念にある
この『時は金なり(Time is money)』という言葉はまれに、「時間は全てお金に換算して考えないとダメ」であったり「時間は全てお金に換金することを前提に考えるべき」といった誤解をされる方もいらっしゃいますがこれは誤りです。
というのも、『時は金なり(Time is money)』という言葉は機会費用の考え方の重要性を私たちに教えてくれている言葉だからです。
ピケティも絶賛する反格差の活動家の書をなぜ本田圭佑が薦めたのか
たしかに、矢部氏の言うように、同書は2011年の出版以来、資本主義の本質と問題点を明らかにした書として、リベラル知識人や経済学者の間で非常に注目されてきた。『21世紀の資本』で知られる経済学者のトマ・ピケティも「『負債論』、愛しています(I Love Debt)」とコメント。また、ベーシックインカムの導入と1日3時間労働の提唱で話題になった『隷属なき道』(ルトガー・ブレグマン著/文藝春秋)にも大きな影響を与えたといわれる。ブレグマンは「数えきれないほど多くの人々が、仕事人生の全てを、自ら無意味と思う仕事に費やしている」という、グレーバーの論を踏まえた論を展開している。
Returns to scale in research https://aiimpacts.org/returns-to-scale-in-research/
2016-07-06 Featured Articles, Intelligence explosion, Pace of AI Progress (Without Feedback), Speed of AI Transition 0
When universities or university departments produce research outputs?such as published papers?they sometimes experience increasing returns to scale, sometimes constant returns to scale, and sometimes decreasing returns to scale. At the level of nations however, R&D tends to see increasing returns to scale. These results are preliminary.
Background
“Returns to scale” refers to the responsiveness of a process’ outputs when all inputs (e.g. researcher hours, equipment) are increased by a certain proportion. If all outputs (e.g. published papers, citations, patents) increase by that same proportion, the process is said to exhibit constant returns to scale. Increasing returns to scale and decreasing returns to scale refer to situations where outputs still increase, but by a higher or lower proportion, respectively.
Assessing returns to scale in research may be useful in predicting certain aspects of the development of artificial intelligence, in particular the dynamics of an intelligence explosion.
Results
The conclusions in this article are drawn from an incomplete review of academic literature assessing research efficiency, presented in Table 1. These papers assess research in terms of its direct outputs such as published papers, citations, and patents. The broader effects of the research are not considered.
Most of the papers listed below use the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique, which is a quantitative technique commonly used to assess the efficiency of universities and research activities. It is capable of isolating the scale efficiency of the individual departments, universities or countries being studied.
Paper Level of comparison Activities assessed Results pertaining to returns to scale
Wang & Huang 2007 Countries’ overall R&D activities Research Increasing returns to scale in research are exhibited by more than two-thirds of the sample
Kocher, Luptacik & Sutter 2006 Countries’ R&D in economics Research Increasing returns to scale are found in all countries in the sample except the US
Cherchye & Abeele 2005 Dutch universities’ research in Economics and Business Management Research Returns to scale vary between decreasing, constant and increasing depending on each university’s specialization
Johnes & Johnes 1993 UK universities’ research in economics Research Constant returns to scale are found in the sample as a whole
Avkiran 2001 Australian universities Research, education Constant returns to scale found in most sampled universities
Ahn 1988 US universities Research, education Decreasing returns to scale on average
Johnes 2006 English universities Research, education Close to constant returns to scale exhibited by most universities sampled
Kao & Hung 2008 Departments of a Taiwanese university Research, education Increasing returns to scale exhibited by the five most scale-inefficient departments. However, no aggregate measure of returns to scale within the sample is presented.
Table 1: Sample of studies of research efficiency that assess returns to scale
Note: This table only identifies increasing/constant/decreasing returns to scale, rather than the size of this effect. Although DEA can measure the relative size of the effect for individual departments/universities/countries within a sample, such results cannot be readily compared between samples/studies.