Buddhism is a unique spiritual system in many ways, while also sharing some fundamental similarities with the other Great Wisdom Traditions of humankind. But perhaps one its most unique features is its understanding, in some schools, that its own system is evolving or developing. This is generally expressed in the notion of the Three Great Turnings of Buddhism, the three major stages of unfolding that Buddhism has undergone, according to Buddhism itself. The First Turning of the Wheel is Early Buddhism, now generally believed to be represented by the Theravada school and thought to contain the historical Gautama Buddha’s original teachings, which developed in the great Axial period around the sixth century BCE. The Second Turning of the Wheel, represented by the Madhyamaka school, was founded by the genius philosopher-sage Nagarjuna around the second century CE. The Third and final (to date) Great Turning of the Wheel, represented by the Yogachara school, originated in the second century CE but had its period of greatest productivity in the fourth century CE with the brothers Asanga and Vasubandhu. All Three Turnings had profound impacts on every school of Buddhism that came after them.
The Madhyamaka school, although critical of Early Buddhism in many ways, nonetheless transcends and includes many of its foundational teachings, while criticizing those notions it finds partial, limited, or incomplete. And many Yogachara schools attempted to integrate and synthesize all Three Turnings. This was an ongoing, cumulative, synthesizing unfolding, as if Buddhism was plugged into the great evolution of Spirit itself.
In other words, many adherents of Buddhism had a view that Buddhism itself was unfolding, with each new turning adding something new and important to the overall Buddhist teaching itself. My point can now be put simply: many contemporary Buddhist teachers, agreeing with psychologists and sociologists that the world itself, at least in several important ways, is undergoing a global transformation, believe that this transformation will affect also Buddhism, adding to it yet newer and more significant truths, and resulting in yet another unfolding, a Fourth Great Turning, of Buddhism itself. (Some people view the rise of Tantric Buddhism, or occasionally Vajrayana Buddhism, as a Fourth Turning, and from that perspective, we are speaking of a possible Fifth Turning. But generally we will remain with the more common Three Turnings and take it from there.) This Fourth Turning retains all the previous great truths of Buddhism but also adds newer findings from fields as diverse as evolutionary biology and developmental psychology—but only to the extent that they are in fundamental agreement with the foundational tenets of Buddhism itself, simply extending them to some degree, as it were. Known by various names—from evolutionary Buddhism to Integral Buddhism—the Fourth Turning, like all the previous turnings, transcends yet includes its predecessors, adding new material while retaining all the essentials. And what is so remarkable about this development is that it is completely in keeping with this general understanding of itself that Buddhism has grasped—namely, that Buddhadharma (“Buddhist Truth”) is itself unfolding, growing, and evolving, responding to new circumstances and discoveries as it does so. Even the Dalai Lama has said, for example, that Buddhism must keep pace with modern science or it will grow old and obsolete.
A brief glance at Buddhist history will show what is involved. Original Buddhism was founded on such notions as the difference between samsara (the source of suffering) and nirvana (the source of Enlightenment or Awakening); the three marks of samsaric existence; that is dukkha (suffering), anicca (impermanence), and anatta (no-self); and the Four Noble Truths: (1) life as lived in samsara is suffering, (2) the cause of this suffering is craving or grasping, (3) to end craving or grasping is to end suffering, and (4) there is a way to end grasping, namely, the eightfold way—right view, right intention, right speech, right actions, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right unitive awareness.
The ultimate goal of Early Buddhism was to escape samsara—the manifest realm of life, death, rebirth, old age, suffering, and sickness—entirely, by following the eightfold way and attaining nirvana. “Nirvana” means, essentially, formless extinction. The prefix “nir-” means “without,” and “vana” means everything from desire to grasping to lust to craving itself. The overall meaning is “blown out” or “extinguished”—as if a lit candle were handed to you, and you leaned over and blew out the flame. What is extinguished or “blown out”? All the typical marks of samsara itself—including suffering, the angst that comes from craving for permanence, the separate-self sense, or self-contraction (often called “ego”), and its inherent fear, anxiety, and depression. The state of nirvana is sometimes said to be a state similar to deep dreamless sleep, in which, of course, there is no ego, no suffering, no hankering for permanence, no space, no time, no separation—if anything, there is simply the boundless peace or vast equanimity of being liberated from the torture of samsara and its suffering-inducing ways. According to some schools, there is even an end limit, or “extreme” form of nirvana, called nirodh—complete cessation—where neither consciousness nor objects arise at all, and that might be thought of as an infinite formlessness of pure freedom. Be that as it may, the goal is clear: get out of samsara and into nirvana.
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名誉毀損とは、他人の名声や信用といった人格的価値について社会から受ける評価を違法に低下させることをいいます。名誉毀損にあたる行為を行った場合、損害賠償や謝罪広告の掲載を求められる場合があるほか、刑事責任を追及される可能性もあります。もっとも、一定の場合には、他人の社会的評価を低下させる行為を行ったとしても、名誉毀損としての責任を問われない場合があります。
NAME
シオ
SUB
宝石とKimiのこと
MES
この世に少ないというだけの
石っころさえモテるというのに
たったひとりのオンナのひとにもモテないなんて
しんじられない・・♀・
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他人には、小義の話は生長の家のためにならないと裁き、
他人の詮索や言いがかりに必死な人たちの肩をもって攻撃し
人を深く傷つけてくる、「体をつかわない」老人が
以下のようなわけのわからない小義のつぶやき?を書いています。
Jan Jekielek: Steve Bannon, excellent to have you on American Thought Leaders.
Stephen Bannon: Listen, thank you so much for having me.
Mr. Jekielek: Steve, so in September, you’re going to be releasing “Claws of the Red Dragon,” a film that’s going to expose Huawei, the Chinese telecom giant. Tell me more.
Mr. Bannon: Well, one of the issues about Huawei, it’s the technological arm of the PLA. It’s a driver in 5G and quantum computing throughout the world. And whether it’s Western Europe, Canada, the United States, or Australia, people, particularly citizens, don’t really understand what’s in back of Huawei, the deception, what’s been in this indictment. So New Tang Dynasty TV was making a pilot for the beginning of a series. I got involved a couple of months ago, and I said, listen, this is exactly what the Canadian people and the American people need to see, which is a drama, not a documentary … Great acting, great photography, great music to really allow the citizen to understand what the situation is with Huawei. So I’m very excited.
This is a very powerful film. It talks about the arrest of the chief financial officer who is also the daughter of the founder. I think it opens up and explains in a dramatic form exactly what’s going on with China’s encroachment into the technology area throughout the world. People will be shocked when they see it. I’ve already tested it with some people. I’ve tested it here in the United States in Washington DC. Yes. I’ve had a couple of test screenings of the rough about a month ago. Tested it with some fairly senior people in the US government, and they were stunned by some of the revelations in the film.
And so that’s why I told Dr. Joe … we’ve really got something I think very powerful here. And what I’d like to do is make a big deal about the opening in Canada. And what I’m doing right now, I’m fielding calls from all throughout the world, Australia, Europe, and the United States, to cut distribution deals so the entire world can see this. I think they’re going to be very, very impressed.
rei@rei10830349
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コミュ障が人間と会話した後にやる、「あれを言っておけばよかった!」「あれは失礼じゃなかったかな?」みたいな1人脳内反省会は、フランス語で「L'esprit de l'escalier」、ドイツ語で「Treppenwitz」、英語で「Trepverter」と単語化されており、あれは全世界で共通したコミュ障の基本仕様らしいな。
Donald(Chinkaku-ji)@dinkydonaldo
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ドイツでの入国審査でのお話。 担当者「Can you speak English?」 妻 元気よく「No!」。 担当者「Do you like Obi-Wan Kenobi?」 妻「I love Starwars!」 その後ハイタッチして入国した妻。 やり取りを一部始終を見ていた後ろで待っている多国籍な群衆から笑い声が聞こえてきましたww
神様はあなたを愛するばかりか、あなたの敵まで愛しておられる。とても残念なことに。Jesus loves you, and he loves also your enemies,unfortunately very.
進んだ先には闇しかなくても自分を信じて進めばいい。闇が優しく包んでくれる。
人は暗闇では何も見えない。でも、光しかない道でも何も見えなくなっちゃうんだ。