>>533
The viewing cone of a Ch-LCD without polarizers is wider than 60° except that its contrast ratio is in the 5 - 10 : 1 range.
2 or 3 RGB panels are stacked together as one approach to achieve multiple colors.
Accordingly, ‘parallax’ can be regarded as a potential problem of the stacking method. For example, an incident light & a reflected light pass through different pixels.
>>535
Mixed color is induced by ‘parallax’ . This subject is serious for preparing a high-resolution LCD .
The operation voltage of a Ch-LCD is inversely proportional to the pitch length. The operation voltage of a Ch-LCD is in the vicinity of 20 V rms due to the short pitch involved for visible displays.
Besides, as Ch-LCD is bi-stable, its low power consumption is particularly suitable for electronic books.
>>536
The guest-host ( GH ) display can be driven by TFT arrays. But, its contrast ratio is limited to 〜 5 : 1.
Because the operation principle of a GH display is based on utilization of absorption anisotropy of dichroic dye molecules doped in an aligned LC host.
Normally, a GH display system consists of 1 〜 5 % of absorbing dye molecules dissolved in a LC host.
The host LC is highly transparent in a visible spectral region and the guest dyes strongly absorb one polarization of an incoming light and transmit other polarization.
>>537
Special device configurations have been developed to avoid use of any polarizer in a GH display.
For example, the Coke-Kashow cell uses a homogenous GH cell with a quarter-wave film put between the rear substrate and the reflector.
The White-Taylor cell uses chiral dopant to form twisted GH layers. So that, both polarization of an incident light can be absorbed while traversing through the GH LC layer twice.
一
>>538
The double cell uses two orthogonal homogenous cells, the first GH layer is responsible for one polarization and the second layer for the other polarization.
All the three cells in the above have their own pros and cons. The typical performance of a GH LCD is 50 〜 60 % reflectivity, 5:1 contrast ratio, 〜 ± 60° viewing angle and 50 〜 80 ms response time.
Low power consumption is an main attractive character of a GH display.
>>539
§ Single-polarizer R-LCD
For a reflective LCD with one polarizer, the light still traverses the polarizer twice, so that the maximum light throughput is limited to 〜40 %.
But, as compared with two-polarizer LCD, two merits are brought by a single-polarizer LCD.
>>540
Fiirst, parallax is eliminated by removing the second polarizer put between a back glass substrate and a reflector, next, the reflectiivity is raised by 25 % with removing the second polarizer.
Meanwhile, though its reflectivity is lower, the single-polarizer LCD exhibits a higher contrast ratio than a non-polarizer LCD.
In this case, contrast ratio is necessary for color displays.
一
>>541
If the contrast ratio is 5 〜 10 : 1 , light is leaked out of a color pixel and relatively larger mixed colors are brought.
If contrast ratio exceeds 30 : 1 , light leakage in a color pixel is remarkably improved however that state is still far from the perfect condition.
>>542
In case of reflective display, it’s not easy to get contrast ratio higher than 50 : 1 under ambient light condition due to surfacial reflections.
A compromise between display brightness and contrast ratio is brought by the single-polarizer LCD and it has become the mainstream in approach ( about 2003 ).
>>543
Several cell configurations have been devoloped for single-polarizer reflective LCDs.
For example, the mixed-mode TN cell, super-twist TN cell, homotropic cell, film-compensated homogeneous cell and π-cell all have their own merits.
544
For passive matrix display, STN with 220° 〜 240° twist angle has been considered for achieving high duty ratio.
Meanwhile, for active matrix display, a large cell gap tolerance to accomodate the bumpy reflector surfaces is brought by MTN cells, so that, a good contrast ratio can still be obtained.
Furthermore, for reflection type projection display, MTN and homotropic cells are favored choices due to their high contrast ratio.
>>545
The viewing angle of a reflective cell is equivalent to a two-domain transmissive cell. Because the mirror image effect is realized by the incident and reflected beams. For computer monitor, such ± 45° viewing angle is in-sufficient.
But, for handheld displays, the panel can be conventionally adjusted to fit the viewer’s position. Therefore, viewing angle isn’t a critical issue for most handheld reflective LCDs.
>>546
For reflective direct-view displays, design and fabrication for a reflector is probably the most critical concern. An ideal reflector reaches two criteria : 1 .
If the requirement is satisfied, displayed images will be run to viewers without overlapping with surfacial reflection.
一
>>548
If images are mixed with glares, the contrast ratio will be considerably reduced.
Accordingly, we must prepare sufficiently wide viewing cone and optical gain for avoiding that. A specular mirror has too narrow viewing angle and can’t be used alone for reflective display.
A Lambertian reflector has uniform scanning all over the angles by contrast, so that the light intensity in the preferred viewing cone is reduced.
>>549
Extensive efforts have been put into design & fabrication for reflector with acceptable viewing angle while providing optical gain preserving good contrast ratio.
So far, four types of reflectors have been investigated :
( 1 ) light control films,
( 2 ) rough surfacial reflectors,
( 3 ) holographic reflectors,
( 4 ) cholesteric reflectors
一
>>550
A light control film is designed so as to guide images to the observer at approximately normal viewing direction, the viewing direction is well separated from the specular angle.
This film has been applied to STN, PDLC and cholesteric displays. The display brightness and contrast ratio are remarkably improved.
一
>>551
Meanwhile, the bumpy reflector gets higher and it diffuses the incident light to a preferred viewing cone to avoid overlapping with the specular reflection.
In fact, a structural change is incorporated into it.
The holographic reflector can be either laminated to the backside of the display or integrated with color filters.
一
>>551
Meanwhile, the bumpy reflector gets higher and it diffuses the incident light to a preferred viewing cone to avoid overlapping with the specular reflection.
In fact, a structural change is incorporated into it.
The holographic reflector can be either laminated to the backside of the display or integrated with color filters.
一
>>552>>553
Though the former approach is simple, its usefulness is limited to low resolution because undesirable parallax is caused by the simpleness.
Surely, designs for internal holographic reflector is under improvement, but they hold promise for displays with high brightness, high contrast and excellent chromaticity.
Finally, cholesteric liquid crystal layer has also been utilized as diffusive reflector for some bi-refringence color reflective LCDs.
一
>>554
§ ‘Transflective’ Displays
A reflective LCD relies on ambient light to read out displayed informations. When the ambient light is dim, the display isn’t readable whether built-in light is available or not.
We must develop a trans-flective display to overcome such a problem.
In a trans-flective LCD, each pixel is split into reflective sub-pixels ( R ) and transmissive sub-pixels ( T ). Usually, the R & T area ratio is 4 : 1 in favor of reflection.
The backlight is used for dark ambient only for conserving power.
>>555
In the single cell gap approach, the cell gap for R modes is equal to that for T modes and it’s optimized for R-mode.
As a result, the light transmittance for T-mode gets lower than 50% because the light only passes the LC layer once.
Meanwhile, in the double cell gap approach, the cell gap for T-pixels is twice that for R-pixels.
Besids, both R and T have high light efficiency. But, the response of T mode is four times slower than that of R mode.
>>556
A common problem for most transflective displays is that both R & T pixels have different color saturation.
For R pixels, the ambient light passes a color filter twice, on the other hand, for T pixels, the backlight only passes the color filter once.
The pigment concentration or the color filter thickness of the transmissive pixels should be twice that of the reflective ones to realize equal color saturation. For simplicity, this problem is ignored in most trans-flective displays.
一
>>557
According to existing technologies ( in 2003 ), it’s possible to realize 40-inch direct-view LCDs. But, high cost is needed for producing them. To overcome such a problem, projection is prepared so as to be alternative way for achieving large-sized display ( for example, high definition TV, boardroom presentation and electronic cinema ).
Two types of projection displays have been often proposed : front & rear projections. In case of front projection configuration, a distant screen is utilized to view a magnified image. Meanwhile, in case of rear projection configuration, the magnification optics is enclosed in back of an imaging screen to produce a self-contained system.
Both transmissive and reflective LCDs have been considered for projection displays ( about 2003 ).
>>557
According to existing technologies ( in 2003 ), it’s possible to realize 40-inch direct-view LCDs. But, high cost is needed for producing them. To overcome such a problem, projection is prepared so as to be alternative way for achieving large-sized display ( for example, high definition TV, boardroom presentation and electronic cinema ).
Two types of projection displays have been often proposed : front & rear projections. In case of front projection configuration, a distant screen is utilized to view a magnified image. Meanwhile, in case of rear projection configuration, the magnification optics is enclosed in back of an imaging screen to produce a self-contained system.
Both transmissive and reflective LCDs have been considered for projection displays ( about 2003 ).
>>557
According to existing technologies ( in 2003 ), it’s possible to realize 40-inch direct-view LCDs. But, high cost is needed for producing them. To overcome such a problem, projection is prepared so as to be alternative way for achieving large-sized display ( for example, high definition TV, boardroom presentation and electronic cinema ).
Two types of projection displays have been often proposed : front & rear projections. In case of front projection configuration, a distant screen is utilized to view a magnified image. Meanwhile, in case of rear projection configuration, the magnification optics is enclosed in back of an imaging screen to produce a self-contained system.
Both transmissive and reflective LCDs have been considered for projection displays ( about 2003 ).
>>557
According to existing technologies ( in 2003 ), it’s possible to realize 40-inch direct-view LCDs. But, high cost is needed for producing them. To overcome such a problem, projection is prepared so as to be alternative way for achieving large-sized display ( for example, high definition TV, boardroom presentation and electronic cinema ).
Two types of projection displays have been often proposed : front & rear projections. In case of front projection configuration, a distant screen is utilized to view a magnified image. Meanwhile, in case of rear projection configuration, the magnification optics is enclosed in back of an imaging screen to produce a self-contained system.
Both transmissive and reflective LCDs have been considered for projection displays ( about 2003 ).
>>558 〜
§ Transmissive Displays
We briefly show a LCD projector using three transmissive poly-silicon thin-film-transistor ( TFT ) panels.
The incoming white light from a lamp is divided into three channels by dichroic mirrors. In each channel, a LCD panel is sandwiched between two linear polarizers.
The 90°-TN and Vertical Aligned ( VA ) cells are popular in choice, because TN cell has weak wavelength dependency, meanwhile VA cell has an un-precedented contrast ratio ( ＞ 1000 : 1 ).
In case of the X-cube, RGB beams are re-combined, the reflective lens is projected into the images on a screen.
>>558 〜
§ Transmissive Displays
We briefly show a LCD projector using three transmissive poly-silicon thin-film-transistor ( TFT ) panels.
The incoming white light from a lamp is divided into three channels by dichroic mirrors. In each channel, a LCD panel is sandwiched between two linear polarizers.
The 90°-TN and Vertical Aligned ( VA ) cells are popular in choice, because TN cell has weak wavelength dependency, meanwhile VA cell has an un-precedented contrast ratio ( ＞ 1000 : 1 ).
In case of the X-cube, RGB beams are re-combined, the reflective lens is projected into the images on a screen.
>>563 〜
Linearly polarized light is required for most LC devices. A few polarization conversion devices have been invented to convert unpolarized light into linear one.
So that, the conversion efficiency reaches 70 〜 80 % . Furthermore, an array of microlenses is utilized to raise aperture ratio of a high resolution TFT-LCD panel.
The effective aperture ratio was improved to 〜 80 % for a XGA device.
In many cases, the power efficiency of 10 〜 15 lm / watt in a projection system with three transmissive LCD panels has been routinely obtained.
Under such circumstance, 1000 〜 1500 lumens can be produced on a screen with a 100 W short-arc lamp.
>>563 〜
Linearly polarized light is required for most LC devices. A few polarization conversion devices have been invented to convert unpolarized light into linear one.
So that, the conversion efficiency reaches 70 〜 80 % . Furthermore, an array of microlenses is utilized to raise aperture ratio of a high resolution TFT-LCD panel.
The effective aperture ratio was improved to 〜 80 % for a XGA device.
In many cases, the power efficiency of 10 〜 15 lm / watt in a projection system with three transmissive LCD panels has been routinely obtained.
Under such circumstance, 1000 〜 1500 lumens can be produced on a screen with a 100 W short-arc lamp.
>>563 〜
Linearly polarized light is required for most LC devices. A few polarization conversion devices have been invented to convert unpolarized light into linear one.
So that, the conversion efficiency reaches 70 〜 80 % . Furthermore, an array of microlenses is utilized to raise aperture ratio of a high resolution TFT-LCD panel.
The effective aperture ratio was improved to 〜 80 % for a XGA device.
In many cases, the power efficiency of 10 〜 15 lm / watt in a projection system with three transmissive LCD panels has been routinely obtained.
Under such circumstance, 1000 〜 1500 lumens can be produced on a screen with a 100 W short-arc lamp.
>>563 〜
Linearly polarized light is required for most LC devices. A few polarization conversion devices have been invented to convert unpolarized light into linear one.
So that, the conversion efficiency reaches 70 〜 80 % . Furthermore, an array of microlenses is utilized to raise aperture ratio of a high resolution TFT-LCD panel.
The effective aperture ratio was improved to 〜 80 % for a XGA device.
In many cases, the power efficiency of 10 〜 15 lm / watt in a projection system with three transmissive LCD panels has been routinely obtained.
Under such circumstance, 1000 〜 1500 lumens can be produced on a screen with a 100 W short-arc lamp.
>>563 〜
Linearly polarized light is required for most LC devices. A few polarization conversion devices have been invented to convert unpolarized light into linear one.
So that, the conversion efficiency reaches 70 〜 80 % . Furthermore, an array of microlenses is utilized to raise aperture ratio of a high resolution TFT-LCD panel.
The effective aperture ratio was improved to 〜 80 % for a XGA device.
In many cases, the power efficiency of 10 〜 15 lm / watt in a projection system with three transmissive LCD panels has been routinely obtained.
Under such circumstance, 1000 〜 1500 lumens can be produced on a screen with a 100 W short-arc lamp.
At that time ( 2003 〜 2004 ), as I worked in a certain company located in Fukaya-city of Saitama-prefecture in Japan ( ※ ) , I also had heard of the methodology.
※ TMD ;
a company which was founded on a joint investment of T and P
Strangely, though there are many research fruits about influences of light through liquid crystalline molecules on sub-consciousness, those results have been scarcely known.
>>576
If a laser-beam is applied to a compression wave inter-vertically, the compression wave plays the same role as a dif-fraction grating.
※ In these cases, ‘dif-fraction’ means the abbreviation of a different (≒ unusual) fraction’ implicating fractal dimensions or a rather unusual rate as a novel combination.
>>577
Namely, a certain fundamental experiment had been performed with a rather dated method,
so that an explosive accident was caused by the experiment and plural members who took part in the experiment were killed due to the explosive accident.
а
>>576>>577>>578
That is, those accidental cases show that basic experiments including acoustic-optical spectrometry were carried out around the region the end of the 1970’s 〜 the beginning of the 1980’s .
Indeed, we also heard that the fellows habitually undesirable advertisements including unreliable ones on the net would fight against the world as their enemies from now.
一
>>580
Besides, it’s probable that bad influences called Kodoku (蠱毒) brought through an obscure assassin such as 酒乱・大西共産党 ( the Great Western Communist Party as a Hopeless Alcoholic ) have considerably affected those fellows so as to make them misbehave.
According to many reports, we also heard that most of the hopeless alcoholics and the chaps habitually presenting undesirable advertisements such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar ones and posters to sell fakes on the net would fight against the world as their enemies from now.
>>585
Besides, such an excessive bias or a group of the hopeless alcoholics or the chaps habitually presenting undesirable advertisements on the net can turn to be a very massive attractor to divide a country or a ‘world’ into two states like gravitational lensing.
>>586
Furthermore, we should pay attention that people at a something-dependent state such as the alcoholics and the chaps are easily operated through ‘Kodoku (蠱毒)’ .
>>586
「1984 ≒ 2 ＋ 2 ＝ 5」by George.Orwell,
For example, 「田」of the Kan-characters implies the above cryptic meaning.
Namely, 「田」can be diagrammatically realized by surrounding a cross with two horizontal bars and two vertical bars ( 2 ＋ 2 ＝ 田 ).
>>588
Besides, 「田」is composed of four smaller square rooms and the biggest square room surrounding a cross.
Accordingly, if we bear 「田」in mind independently of sizes of rooms, 「2 ＋ 2 ＝ 5」holds as the number of rooms in such a rather visual context.
>>587>>589
However, if these edges of 「田」are regarded as wavelengths and amplitudes, it’s possible to deform and/or break the 「田」by modifying lengths of those edges.
※ This is an auditory operation.
A nostalgic home song has come from four directions today too ( 四面楚歌 ).
According to many reliable informations, it’s highly probable that the people habitually presenting undesirable advertisements such as those of defective products on the net would fight against the world as their enemies from now.
>>599
According to many reliable informations, it’s highly probable that the people frequently making big noises so as to threaten persons with vehicles also would fight against the world as their enemies from now.
>>600
The anomalous adhesiveness is just same as that of the people habitually pasting undesirable advertisements such as ones to sell fakes and defective products on the net.
Probably, they are operated by Kodoku (蠱毒) called 「酒乱・大西共産党」( The Great Western Communist Party as a Hopeless Alcoholic ) come from Sikoku (死国 and/or 尸国).
