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• Rhythms caused by artificial lipid membrane
( 1 ) Excited artificial lipid membrane
It has been known that lipid high molecular mosaic membrane formed through self-organization reacts to chemical matters and the sense of taste.
Here, it's shown as an example that an artificial membrane made of lipid is excited.
Excitation is one of the main characters of nervous cell membrane.
But, this character is not limited to biomembrane made of lipid and protein.
Lipid membranes shown here are self-organized at equilibrium state, they show excitations as seen in nerve cells at non-equilibrium state.
Namely, this is convenient to observe self-organizations on both states of equilibrium and non-equilibrium.
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Here, a lipid called DOPH which is composed of two unsaturated hydrocarbon chains and one phosphate group was used.
This can be regarded as a lipid whose parts corresponding to ammonium groups of lecithin as biolipid are removed.
Unsaturated hydrocarbon chain is a kind of hydrocarbon chain with unsaturated bond such as double bond.
※ The synthetic lipid called DOPH was proposed by Prof. Younosuke.Kobatake ( Hokkaido univ ) and Prof. Mizuko.Yoshida ( Tokyo Kougyo univ ) in 1970 .
DOPH has a character that its aggregative patterns are varied depending on ion-concentration such as sodium ion in touching solution.
This character itself is not rare so much.
Actually, palmitic acid sodium salt to produce soap also has a character to change its aggregative state according to ion-environment.
However, DOPHs are aggregated at random under low ion concentration, they turn to be oil-drops, so that they behave as insulators.
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Meanwhile, bi-molecular membranes quitely similar to bio-membranes are laminated under high ion concentration.
Namely, this lipid is changed into oil-drop or bi-molecular membrane according to variations in ion concentration.
This can be regarded as a kind of phase-transition caused by variations on ion-environment.
We can produce an artificial lipid membrane by only making DOPH stick to a filter on which many fine holes ( of several μm in size ) are made.
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Then, DOPH at low ion concentration ( like oil-drop ) shows high resistance between membranes ( more than several mega Ω ).
Meanwhile, DOPH at high ion concentration has low resistance between membranes ( hundreds kΩ ).
Accordingly, the same as nervous membrane, the produced lipid membrane gets to be put in a state with two different membranous resistances.
Next, a DOPH-membrane was put in the gap between the solution of potassium chloride of 1 milimole
and that of 100 mmol, the water-pressure of 30 cm was added to the membrane from the side of 100 mmol, and a direct current was applied to that.
Then, the membranous electric potential was measured.
※ mmol ＝ 1/1000 of mol
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Astonishingly, although this membrane is made of only lipid without proteins, the membrane is excited.
Then, as the applied stimulus ( direct-current ) increases, the number of response-impulses also increases.
Namely, in this case, the direct-current as an analog quantity is transformed into the number of series of impulses in the membranous potential as a digital quantity.
Moreover, as this membrane is sensitive to the pressure from the outside, the frequency of the series of impulses remarkably depends on slight variations on the applied pressure.
Namely, this plays a role as a transducer to transform the pressure as an analog quantity into the frequency as a digital quantity.
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• Why is it excited ?
We produced a membrane with only one hole to study rhythms of membranous electric potential generated from the DOPH-membrane.
Observing behaviors of DOPH-molecules gathered around the hole with optical microscope, we can find out openings and closings of the hole.
Rhythms of membranous electric potential are generated with synchronizing opens and closes of this hole.
Why does a simple membrane made of only lipid show excitations ?
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Schematically viewing, this DOPH-membrane is put into a gap between a chamber at low ion concentration ( left side in this case ) and a chamber at high ion concentration ( right ).
Then, letting the exit of the left side be filled with oil drop.
As oil drop behaves as an insulator to ion, even if ions are moved from the side at high ion concentration, those ions are accumulated on the hole due to the oil drop as a wall for interception.
Potassium ions slightly are passed through the membrane at this state, so that, the same as a bio-membrane, its membranous electric potential gets to −100 mV on the side at high potassium ion.
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But, as the ion concentration rises, each DOPH-molecule changes into a bi-molecular membrane, so that oil drops are consumed, and laminated bi-molecular membranes are generated.
The membrane turns to be hydrophilic owing to change into bimolecular membrane, so that many ions are gathered and the formation of membrane is further promoted.
Then, a gap is generated on the exit of the hole, ions accumulated the inside are issued to the side at low ion concentration.
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The membrane at this state is non-dense, its electric potential is almostly 0 .
Accordingly, the left side of the inside of the hole gets to be low ion concentration, DOPH-molecules return from bimolecular membranes into oil drops.
And, periodic variations on electric resistance of membrane are resumed at the reappearing initial state, and rhythms on electric potential are continued.
Applying an electric current to this specimen, the invasion of ions into the inside is promoted.
So that the frequency of the series of impulses increases.
※ It behaves as an ion-channel as the hole of the filter repeats opening and closing.
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Such a self-excited oscillation can be re-generated even on an electric circuit.
Meanwhile, in a biological system, a membrane plays role to cause a self-excited oscillation.
Because, when a gradient in ion-concentration namely a difference in energy through a membrane exists in the system, that is, the system is at non-equilibrium, the flow of ions originated from the gradient in energy is easy to cause symmetry-breaking in time such as self-excited oscillation.
※ In this case, symmetry-breaking in time can be observed in a DOPH-membrane too.
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If the ion-gradient between the inside and the outside of the membrane originating from the difference in energy is spent in a short time, a neural excitation is generated in the direction of the consumption.
A state at lowest free-energy is clearly a stationary state, in a word, a living being has a tendency to intentionally spend a stored energy to carry out transmissions of information.
※ If we regard a space-time as a 4-dimensional film, we find out that rhythms frequently appear on a space electric potential.
It will be considered in an other opportunity that those rhythms on a space electric potential are synthesized through synergetic effects or spherical harmonics.
And, an empty set is an open and closed set from the viewpoint of topology.
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• Chaos on an artificial lipid membrane
In this case, excited phenomena in an artificial membrane made of DOPH as simple lipid are introduced.
As chaotic phenomena were discovered in this system, those phenomena are being applied to engineering.
Here, as an example, it's shown to compose a system to catch the taste with various behaviors found out in DOPH-membrane.
A receptive membrane for taste with self-organizing abilities of lipid has been developed as a sensor for taste.
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In this case, static response patterns to differences between electric potentials ( membranous electric potentials ) generated on both sides of lined some membranes are used to distinguish and quantify of tastes.
Namely, the lipid membrane can accept chemical matters to make us sense tastes in response to differences of respective tastes.
By the way, if this property is used under non-equilibrium state, what happens？
In general, irregular vibratory phenomena generated from deterministic systems through proper non-linearities are called chaos.
※ It was made clear that chaos contributes to information-processing in some experiments with animals.
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The following is an interesting hypothesis.
Nervous activities of a brain at chaotic state can quickly reply to various informations.
Just after an information is caught, the nervous activity immediately moves into a kind of entrainment.
And, if an information is newly given to the system, the system itself will start to look for an information corresponding to the given information through chaotic traveling over respective states.
Accordingly, if a kind of sensory system to be able to quickly process various informations from the outside is produced under artificial chaos, the result can contribute to not only composing a sensory system different from usual one but also making clear roles of chaos on biological systems.
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• Disordered vibrations caused by direct currents
If this membrane is put into potassium chloride solutions at low concentration and some direct current ( scores nanoA 〜 100 nanoA ) is applied to that, disordered oscillations on membranous potential of 100 mV in amplitude appear.
These irregular vibrations are characterized by correlative dimensions.
Correlative dimension is a quantity to measure the degree of freedom of the system by estimating the correlation between events at different hours in the considered phenomenon.
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Namely, an effective degree of freedom of the considered system is reflected in the value of correlative dimension.
If this value takes a non-integer value, the system becomes complex.
※ In general, when the system is at chaos, its correlative dimension has a non-integer.
In the case of excitable lipid membrane of DOPH, surprisingly, as the applied direct current is raised, its correlative dimension namely effective degree of freedom of the system also increases.
※ In this case, its correlative dimension turns to be about 5.1 for an applied current of 60 nanoA .
Then, a high dimensional chaos appears.
Observing other results, we find out that as the electric current applied to the membrane increases, the waveform of the vibration remarkably becomes to be disordered.
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Adding various taste-substances in the solution touching with this membrane at applied current of 60 nanoA , we find out that oscillating states also are varied according to added substances.
※ In those cases, correlative dimensions get to be about 5 .
Namely, correlative dimensions of these disordered vibrations depend on concentrations of added taste-substances.
And, the dependencies of correlative dimension on concentration are variable according to kinds of taste-substance.
So, we can draw informations of taste from such chaotic variations.
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In the near future, we may be able to instantly 'distinguish tastes' through waveforms shown in a computer-screen.
Furthermore, we may be able to immediately sense tastes of foods through auditory perception by putting a microsensor with lipid membrane to the edge of dish and transforming output waveforms from the sensor into sounds.
An example introduced here can be regarded as one example of the simplest artificial self-organizing systems because of the appearance of non-equilibrium phenomena including spontaneous formations of membranes and excitations.
Such an example can be developed to the field of high intelligent component including integrated switching component, sensory component in smarter level by applying with technologies to produce semiconductors.
※ From a basic textbook about non-linear phenomena and non-equilibrium systems which was published in some country in about 1999 〜 2000 .
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