2.A sentence can contain essential or non-essential information. Essential information is typically introduced by the word “that,” and non-essential information is generally introduced by the word “which.” A set of words (clause) introduced by “which” is preceded or set off by commas. The word “which” signals that the clause is not essential to the sentence and can be omitted without altering the meaning of the sentence.
A crisp style is preferred in academic writing. Therefore, the repetition of words and phrases should be avoided. When referring to sets of parameters, the word “respectively,” which means in the order that is given, can be used as an effective tool to avoid repetition.
Example
Avoid: From Eq. (5), the upper bounds of the wage and the lower bounds of the wage are determined on the basis of the condition as follows:
Better: From Eq. (5), the upper and lower bounds of the wage, and , respectively, are determined on the basis of the condition as follows:
The above example shows how the repetition of the phrase “bounds of the wage” can be avoided. This is done by placing and after the phrase “the upper and lower bounds of the wage” and using the word “respectively” to indicate that pertains to “upper,” and “ ,” to “lower.”
Eqs. (4) and (5)【show】that 〜 → Eqs. (4) and (5)【indicate】that 〜
The efficiency function 【makes】the production function of the model 【as】 the function of human capital. → The efficiency function【ensures that】the production function of the model【is】the function of human capital.
one unit of intermediate goods【is made by】$\eta$ units of physical capital
↓
one unit of intermediate goods【requires】$\eta$ units of physical capital,
Innovation in this study【is to produce】new varieties of intermediate goods
↓
In this study, innovation【refers to the production】of new varieties of intermediate goods
R\&D sector is also assumed to be competitive, therefore, the price of a design, we【call 】"value of R\&D," is equated to the present value of the stream of profits
↓
The R&D sector is also assumed to be competitive; therefore, the price of a design, which we【term as】the "value of R&D," is equated to the present value of the stream of profits
Because ..., this results in the following zero-profit condition that ...
↓
Since ..., we arrive at the following zero-profit condition that ...
The optimal path of regional economic integration between asymmetric countries in the North East Asia ? ARTICLE
Pages 673-687
Young-Han Kim
Abstract | Full Text + Links | PDF (208 K)
ttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=IssueURL&_tockey=%23TOC%236667%232005%23999709996%23605166%23FLA%23&_auth=y&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=af45e0a357727b8c42e2710ea35196cc
Openness, size, and the saving?investment relationship ? ARTICLE
Pages 283-293
Mohsen Bahmani-Oskooee and Avik Chakrabarti
Abstract | Full Text + Links | PDF (131 K)
2.It is preferable to avoid the use of informal language in formal writing as this lends an informal tone to the document. This can be achieved by replacing the informal words with their more formal alternatives.
In the example provided below, the phrase the “fastest” implies that the economies with high allocation of human capital in R&D grow at a faster rate than other economies. However, the phrase “the fastest” is slightly informal. Therefore, it has been replaced with the phrase “at a higher rate than others,” which is formal and also conveys the intended meaning.
Example
Incorrect: Consequently, these economies grow the fastest; this results in polarization.
Correct: Consequently, these economies grow at a faster rate than others; this results in polarization.
よろしくお願いします。 ；《レ／結語》
◆一般的によく使われる。米国式。
Most sincerely
Sincerely yours
Sincerely
Very sincerely yours
Very sincerely
◆一般的によく使われる。英国式。
Yours sincerely
Yours very sincerely
よろしくお願いします。 ；《レ／末文》
Your cooperation is greatly appreciated.◆仕事を依頼するとき
よろしくお願いします。 ；《レ》
Thank you very much in advance (for your kind cooperation).◆無茶でない要求や依頼を書いた後に付け加える。
XXを200個注文したいのですが、数量割引はありますか？ご連絡お待ちしています。よろしくお願いします。 ；《レ》
I would like to get 200 of XX. Is there any volume discount? Please let me know. Thanks.
xxであなたが売り出しているYYを見ました。海外配送はしていますか？海外配送料として多少多く支払ってもいいです。よろしくお願いします。 ；《レ》
I saw your YY for sale at www.xx.com. Do you ship Internationally? I I'll be happy to pay extra for international shipping. Thank you.◆オンラインオークション
（依頼したことなどを）よろしくお願いします。
I hope you will take good care of this.
（仕事で）今後ともお付き合いの程よろしくお願いします。
We hope we will have a good business together.
お互い頑張りましょう。／よろしくお願いします。
Good luck! {2}◆勝負の相手に
このチャンスをお見逃しのないよう、よろしくお願いします。 ；《レ／末文》
Don't let the chance pass you by.
このプランはくれぐれも内密にということで、よろしくお願いします。 ；《レ／末文》
I want to reassure you that the plans are kept in confidence.
ご協力の程よろしくお願いします。 ；《レ／末文》
I would be grateful for your support.
The Theory of Economic Growth: A 'Classical' Perspective
Neri Salvadori (編集)
外貨参考価格:£79.00
価格:￥18,929 （税込）
Book Description
The Theory of Economic Growth compares the main theories of growth from Adam Smith to the present day in order to isolate their logical structures, theoretical domains and methodological underpinnings. The book provides original solutions to theoretical questions still debated in contemporary literature and points out new directions for further research.
The authors carry out a ‘vertical’ or in-depth analysis of the three main schools of thought: classical, Keynesian and neo-classical. They perform a ‘horizontal’ analysis of a wide range of items connected with growth theory, such as competition, technical change, division of labor, business cycles, the impact on environment, and the financial intermediation. Attention is also given to the evolutionary approach to economic growth.
This book will be of great interest to scholars of economic growth, macroeconomics, and historians of economic thought.
An Incentive to Cooperate in Capitalism二神孝一Europen Journal of Political Economy, 8/41992.9
The Quality Ladder and Product Variety: Larger Economies may not Grow Faster二神孝一，大日康史The Japanese Economic Review, vol. 54, no.3, pp. 336-351.2003.9
Yoshida,M.: Public Investment Criterion in an
Overlapping Generations Economy, Economica, 53,
pp.247-263, 1986.
Yakita,A.:
Public Investment Criterion with
Distorted Capital Markets in an Overlapping
Generations Economy, Journal of Macroeconomics,
16, pp.715-728, 1994
【tex→DVI→PP】
●Option→Set up parameters→Resolution→resolution dpi:600
●Display→Region→On(チェック)⇒Shift+右クリック及びShift+左クリックで範囲決定
●File→Save as images→BMP in clipped⇒PP上で貼り付け可
Koichi Futagami and Makoto Okamura
"Strategic Investment : The Labor-Managed firm and the Profit-Maximizing firm"
Journal of International and Comparative Economics1997
[2] Blanchard, O., and Kahn, C. M., 1980, ”The solution of linear difference models under
rational expectations,” Econometrica, Vol. 48, pp. 1305-1311.
Nominal Rigidities and the Dynamic Effects of a Shock to Monetary Policy
Lawrence J. Christiano, Martin Eichenbaum, Charles Evans http://www.nber.org/papers/8403
NBER Working Paper No. 8403
Issued in July 2001
---- Abstract -----
We present a model embodying moderate amounts of nominal rigidities which accounts for the observed inertia in inflation and persistence in output. The key features of our model are those that prevent a sharp rise in marginal costs after an expansionary shock to monetary policy. Of these features, the most important are staggered wage contracts of average duration three quarters, and variable capital utilization.
