I had an abortion 3 years ago and have NEVER found the courage of strength to get throught it. I had the abortion because my boyfriend didn’t want anymore kids. I thought I was doing the right thing because finiacially I wasn’ able to do it. Now I feel selfish, I feel like I never really gave myself or the baby a chance I just made an excuse to tell myself it was something we both wanted. I think about it alot lately because I didn’t tell ayone but him so I have no one to talk to about it. I break down a little more everyday.
chanel 2.55 schwarz http://www.replicasbag.net/de/-p291/
・ Limits and failures on the theory of plate tectonics
For now, tentatively, mechanisms in the earth have been scarcely clarified.
Simply thinking about that, what is the eruptive energy originated in ?
According to the theory of plate tectonics ( regarded as an accepted theory at present ), the earth has main several crustal plates, those plates relatively move, strain energies are gradually accumulated by inter-frictional heats and finally an eruption or an earthquake is caused by those accumulated strain energies beyond some critical condition.
But, many people have doubts about this theory which asserts that a large scale energy is generated from inter-frictions among giant plates which move by several centimeters a year.
It's insufficient to explain complicated phenomena inside the earth with only the theory of plate tectonics.
※ At present, it's made clear that the earth is covered with enormous plates namely hundreds of plates far from several plates.
>>6
Meanwhile, some researchers in the former Soviet Union proposed an interesting hypothesis.
They pointed out following limits and questions of the existing theory of earth-dynamics.
According to their assertions, it's possible to explain rough phenomena with the theory of plate tectonics, but this theory is useless to understand complex features of the surfacial layer of the earth and essential behaviors inside the earth.
一
>>8
For example, following questions were pointed out.
・ Why is the earth's crust under a continent thicker than that under the sea bottom ?
・ Why is no granites contained in the earth's crust under the ocean ?
・ What paths and processes were radioactive elements concentrated on granites conveyed from the inside the earth to the earth's crust through ?
・ Why are lands concentrated on the northern hemi-sphere in comparison with the southern one ?
・ Why are volcanos under the ocean more than volcanos on the land ?
・ The upper part of continental crust is mainly composed of granites, meanwhile its lower part is composed of basalts. Why ?
・ Theoretically, large quantities of rain-waters running through rivers sweep away the earths & sands on all lands to the ocean in ten million years, although continents are still left. Why ?
・ Though there are volcanos on the Antarctic continent, earthquakes scarcely happen on the continent. Why ?
・ Why are there strata containing hundreds billions tons of mineral resource such as manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, etc in the sea bottom ?
・ Though the solubility of potassium chloride is higher than that of sodium chloride, the quantity of potassium chloride contained in a seawater is actually 1/50 of sodium chloride. Why ?
・ It's supposed that the inside of the earth is mainly heated by radioactive elements.
By the way, most of such elements are contained in the upper part of the crust of land or the surfacial layers of granites composing a mountain chain of about several kilometers in height. Why ?
・ What chemical reaction triggers a momentary great explosion of volcano ? Besides, why can such eruptions be successively caused ?
It's impossible to answer above questions with the theory of plate tectonics.
一
>>9
It seems that we must re-consider & re-construct the geo-science owing to the discovery of special characters of volcanic ash and the appearance of various technologies to which those characters of volcanic ash are applied.
An eruption also is a kind of physical chemical reaction process as a black box.
Specialists in respective fields need to cooperatively tackle to make clear such a black box and material characters of respective kinds of volcanic ash.
>>10-11
・ The existence of 'drainage crust' in the earth and its activities
Those Russian geophysicists paid attention to actions of large quantities of waters which are stored inside the earth.
They avoided to draw a conclusion about those actions, on the other hand, they suggested that a layer called 'the drainage crust' is placed over the Mohorovičić discontinuity.
Mohorovicic section has following features.
・ The section is placed in a part at some depth under ground.
・ A seismic wave rapidly increases at the discontinuous section (＝ the Moho-section).
・ And, the composition of matters also remarkably changes at the section.
・ The discontinuous section is a border-surface to distinguish a layer of basalts as a lower layer of the earth's crust from the mantle.
It's likely to explain various phenomena inside the earth's crust by catching behaviors of the drainage crust as a convective layer of the lower part of the earth's crust.
一
>>12
For example, shells are often found out in the mountains such as the Himalayas of Eastern Asia and the Hidaka mountains of Hokkaido in Japan.
An accepted theory at present asserts that such a region was occupied with the sea in the past.
However, many people have doubts about this hypothesis.
Because it's unlikely that a huge mass of mountains directly rises from the seabottom.
In cases of shells found out in mountains, it may be more rational that the region was occupied with the sea in the past, or rather those shells were conveyed from the sea to the place.
一
>>13
Namely, the seabottom around some region ( A ) went down to the inside of the earth's crust, the sunk part was conveyed to the under-ground of a continental part ( B ) distant from the region ( A ) through the drainage crust, and the conveyed part rose.
In a word, in the case of mountain chain in which fossils of maritime animals such as shells are found out, it's better to suppose that the part directly rose from the sea, or rather the part which had been conveyed from the sea to the land rose.
一
>>14
By the way, researchers who proposed 'the theory of drainage crust' guessed that radioactive matters contribute to mechanisms of eruption on prudent or detailed studies.
However, they avoided to conclude that.
Possibly, such rather opaque remarks may imply that the story of underground civilizations which are often mentioned by Dalai.Lama, E.Snowden and others not only means some kind of metaphor but also is based on facts to some extent, or a mysterious fluid called 'Black Goo' is originated in the drainage crust.
「Black Goo」 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7zvan4sTjc
>>15
According to their hypothesis, there is a 'drainage crust' which results from the circulation of vapors and solutions inside the geo-crust, it forms a layer of granites and a layer of basalts of the geo-crust.
Erosions and rises of continental parts were constantly repeated over the geological age, then the ocean was constantly filled up with matters shaved off a land.
And then, a formed oceanic geo-crust slided into under a continent, so that the sedimentation advances.
Then, condensed vapors turn to be waters, those waters are transformed into thermal solutions.
Those thermal solutions slowly run in the direction of lower side, it resumes to rise at an evaporation point.
※ Matters which are remarkably soluble in water are conveyed into the lower side, meanwhile volatile matters rise with vapors.
一
>>16
A border to condense vapors is placed around the depth of 15 〜 20 km under the ground, it's placed at the depth of 5 〜 10 km under the sea bottom.
Meanwhile, a border to vaporize a fluid is placed at the depth of 35 〜 40 km under the ground.
The temperature in the part is about 425 〜 450 ℃ .
The 'drainage crust' of the earth can be found out between two borders in which two phase transitions of water are caused ( one is liquid phase → gas phase, another is gas phase → liquid phase ).
Actually, it's likely that processes to bear the diversity of geo-crust are constantly performed in the physical and chemical complex called 'drainage crust' .
一
>>17
・ Drainage Crust ( 2 )
By the way, a seismic wave remarkably varies at the Mohorovičić discontinuity inside the earth.
This Moho-layer gets 5 〜 7 km, rarely 10 〜 15 km in depth under the ocean.
Furthermore, it gets 35 〜 40 km under the continent and gets 70 〜 80 km under a high mountain chain in thickness.
In this case, the whole layer over the Mohorovičić discontinuity is regarded as the earth's crust, it's roughly classified into the continental earth's crust and the oceanic crust which are different in thickness, composition.
However, why are respective Mohorovicic layers found out in various places in depth ?
It seems that a Moho-layer under a continent 'subsides' scores km meanwhile a Moho-layer under the seabottom 'rises' .
Namely, why are the rises and falls of Moho-layer influenced by landforms at respective regions ?
一
>>18
Other questions of this layer are as follows.
・ Why is the depth of this strange layer independent of the age of the rock composing the earth's crust adjacent to the Moho-layer ?
・ The earth's crust is roughly divided into the sedimentary layer, the granitic layer and the basaltic layer.
It's supposed that the granitic layer and the basaltic layer of them have been differentiated from primitive materials composing the earth's crust.
一
>>19
The boundary between those two layers is called the 'Conrad-discontinuity' .
How was this Conrad-discontinuity generated ?
・ No granitic layers are contained in the oceanic earth's crust. Why ?
・ The stratum of a mountainous region is composed of sedimentary layers, but those sedimentary layers were mainly generated in the sea. Why ?
・ Though it's natural that a newer stratum is laid over an older one, actually inverted states are found out in many regions. Why ?
・ There are fractures and mid-oceanic ridges on the seabottom.
Especially, some mid-oceanic ridge gets 8000 km in length. How was such a landform generated, what's its origin ?
・ And, the maximum thermal flux at the earth's crust is found out in a mid-oceanic ridge on the seabottom rather than in a mountain chain on the land. Why ?
・ How should we consider about oils originated in the mantle ?
It's impossible to sufficiently answer to above questions with existing hypotheses.
一
>>20
It's undoubted that the rich water in quantity is stored inside the earth's crust.
There are various resources and many hydrothermal mineral deposits inside the earth.
It's likely that they result from influences by thermal solutions at high temperature.
This drainage crust can be regarded as a kind of great factory, it has two main features.
一
>>21
Namely, it can transform matters originated in the mantle into continental rocks under a continent.
Meanwhile, it can remarkably transmute rocks which were shaved off from a continent and heaped on the sea bottom into compounds and minerals composing the mantle.
Therefore, this is a strong system of solutions at deep layer at the scale over the earth, it bears a main part of the total mechanism to circulate all matters over the earth.
Namely, there are two kinds of crustal structures, that is, one is the thick continental crust, another is the thin oceanic crust.
一
>>22
It's possible to explain about the appearance of two kinds of crustal structures on the vertical circulation of waters and the movement of the waters into under the ocean through the drainage crust.
A washed up continent rises, subsequently to that dense matters originated in the mantle rise.
But, it's unlikely that those matters rise like light rocks on the land without the drainage crust.
Namely, fluid rocks (≒ fluid metals) in the mantle are transmuted into continental rocks in the drainage crust.
一
>>23
Silicas are conveyed to the upper side by vapors beyond the critical point, meanwhile washed away magnesiums, calciums and irons are conveyed to the lower side by hot liquids.
Many other important chemical reactions also are caused under the process.
一
>>24
Secondary, the so-called heavenly circulatory branches also resulted from actions of water.
Rainwaters wash away rocks on the land to the ocean, those rocks are heaped up to form a soft material ground.
After that, not only this material ground is condensed by the weight of new stratum, but also heat solutions constantly rising from the drainage crust penetrate into the material ground and are coagulated, so that the density and the temperature of the material ground increase.
And, the material ground further gets heavier, deeply sinks, finally it's transformed into the rock on the sea bottom.
一
>>25
An oceanic crust descends to under the drainage crust due to the weight of new sediments, and it joins with the mantle.
It's significant in this circulation that the height of a continent over the sea level has been kept by dynamical equilibrium for a long period.
一
>>26
Namely, matters in the oceanic crust ( transformed into materials composing the mantle ) are roughly equal to matters contained in the mantle ( transmuted into those in the continental crust ) in quantity.
Accordingly, the drainage crust plays role as a large-scale natural factory to transform matters in the mantle into continental rocks under a continent and join heaped rocks on the sea bottom which were shaved off from a continent with the mantle.
一
>>27
・ Drainage Crust ( 3 )
Accordingly, the drainage crust can be regarded as a large-scale strong system to bear the circulation of solutions at deep layer over the whole earth.
Solid matters are conveyed through the drainage crust, a specific landform is kept due to those convections.
And, a reduced continent in weight due to erosions rises. Meanwhile, matters are heaped up on the sea bottom and the sea bottom itself sinks due to its weight of heaped matters.
Namely, some level is sustained through constant renewals. And, only the mantle is still left as a main geological black box.
一
>>28
The upper part of a continental crust is composed of granites, no granites are contained in the oceanic crust.
Meanwhile, granites are contained in old islands and small-sized continents.
Why are granites contained in roughly equal levels in depth ?
And, why are radioactive elements especially concentrated on granitic layers ?
If basaltic rocks rose across the Conrad section, how were they transformed into granites ?
What causes prevent the oceanic crust from forming granitic rocks ?
It's impossible to sufficiently answer these questions with existing theories.
一
>>29
A main property of drainage crust is to transfer mineral solutions along a layer over the Mohorovičić discontinuity from the under-continent to the oceanic crust.
Only some kinds of chemical compounds are washed out of continental matters and materials composing the mantle which are raised to a continent through waters descending to the drainage crust.
Furthermore, they are conveyed along canals in the drainage crust to under the ocean.
Then, solutions rise, percolate through the oceanic crust and transform sedimentary rocks forming the earth's crust into basalts.
一
>>30
Probably, as large quantities of heats and melted matters were conveyed through solutions along the drainage crust, the originally uniform primitive crust was divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust.
Heats and melted matters were transferred from the under-continent to the under-ocean further the oceanic crust, so that, the oceanic crust was transmitted into matters composing the mantle.
一
>>31
By the way, a granitic layer is remarkably different from a basaltic layer in chemical composition.
Namely, silicas contained in a granite are 10 〜 15 % more than those contained in a basalt.
Meanwhile, magnesiums, calciums and iron oxides contained in a basalt are more than those materials contained in a granite.
Therefore, a continental matter tends to be more acidic, meanwhile, an oceanic rock tends to be alkaline.
一
>>32
Consequently, continental matters are characterized by granites, so no granites are contained in the oceanic crust.
Keys to understand these phenomena are included in the drainage crust and processes in it.
Changes from granites to basalts or its inverse processes are caused in the Conrad discontinuity.
Basic processes to produce granites and basalts in the drainage crust are originated in physical and chemical processes in the rock-layer between the Mohorovicic section and the Conrad section.
一
>>33
In these processes, calciums, magnesiums and solutions containing large guantities of irons are conveyed from the Conrad section to its lower side, meanwhile vapors containing volatile matters such as silica, salt potassium rise from the Mohorovicic section.
Calciums, magnesiums and irons are leached out of rocks, and leached matters are replaced with silicas.
※ This replacement can be regarded as a granitizing action ( namely, a transformation of rocks into granites ).
一
>>34
Especially, replacements of some element with an other element are actively carried out around the Contad section, silicas are conveyed by vapors in this part.
And, it seems that this silica interacts with calcium carbonates and other kinds of rocks.
Then, sites on which calcium atoms are located are 'occupied' by silicon atoms,
the rock wholly turns to be silicic acidic, so that the original character is transmuted into the granitic character.
一
>>35-36
・ Drainage Crust 〜 4
As the above, if basalts go across the Conrad section due to rises of the earth's crust, the internal structures including molecular structures and chemical compositions are re-organized and 'transmutations of rocks into granites' are made progress in the Conrad section.
Meanwhile, if sunk granites enter into the drainage crust, re-organizations of those rocks are caused.
Namely, rising vapors beyond the critical point 'blow away' silicas on granites and those silicas are conveyed to the Conrad section.
一
>>37
Magnesiums, calciums and irons are replaced with silicas by coming solutions from the upper side, those matters 'quickly' occupy sites from which silicons are removed, so that granites are transformed into basalts.
Then, the drainage crust under the continental crust turns to be at high pressure because of the weight of continental liquid pillars, those solutions are pushed out to the ocean, the outside and the upper side along drainage crusts.
Meanwhile, as the pressure of the liquid pillar is comparatively small in the oceanic crust, waters don't permeate into the deep part under the ground.
一
>>38
In other words, the sea bottom has no conditions to transform rocks into granites.
In the oceanic crust, various components such as alkaline metals, silicas conveyed by vapors from the lower side and calciums, magnesiums, salts contained in irons which are carried through solutions, etc enter in rocks, interactions among those components put into rocks transmute sedimentary rocks into respective kinds of oceanic basalts.
Truly, the drainage crust can be regarded as a large-scale natural factory to produce minerals.
一
>>39
Furthermore, they focused that most of radioactive matters on the earth are concentrated on this thin layer which is merely equal to 1/4000 of the whole earth in mass.
The following scenario is supposed to explain about those radioactive matters as energy-sources of eruption.
The cold earth was gradually heated up from its center, the drainage crust was formed around the central part.
But, it was different from the drainage crust at present.
一
>>40
On the other hand, solutions descended to the lower part, volatile matters including silicas and radioactive substances were conveyed with rising vapors even for the Archean era.
And, as the earth was heated and the former drainage crust rose from the center, small quantities of radioactive compounds also were concentrated on the position of the drainage crust at present.
※ Only 1/dozens gram of radioactive compound is contained in one-ton of rock.
So that, most of radioactive matters were concentrated on the earth's crust.
※ Remaining 5 % is contained in the mantle, no radioactive matters are contained in the core.
>>41 一
And, it's possible to explain it with the above hypothesis that potassiums containing the radioactive isotope 140 are accumulated in granites.
Though potassium chloride is higher than sodium chloride in solubility, sodium atoms in the seawater are about 50 times more than potassium atoms in it.
>>42
Inversely, potassiums contained in a granite are more than sodiums in it.
Because, it's supposed that as potassiums are stronger than sodiums, calciums in basicity, the former pushed latter components out of the rock and potassiums occupied a granite especially as a main component of a feldspar.
In the circulation of solid matters, potassium salts put into the drainage crust are conveyed by rising vapors, potassiums are accumulated in granites.
一
>>43
And, as a mountainous region is eroded, the land-crust rises with granites.
Furthermore, those granites raised to the surface of earth are weathered and soluble salts are generated from potassiums contained in those granites.
Then, waters start to go down again, most of potassium salts are carried to the Conrad section by those waters, so that those potassiums meet with slowly rising new granites.
Namely, generated granites are full of potassium, radioisotopes K 140 also are contained in those rocks.
And, other radioisotopes also are taken into minerals composing granites.
※ For example, 'radionics' is utilized to detect radioactive matters under the ground too.
→ relations between salt water oscillator and universal gravitation
一
>>44
・ Limits of explanation of eruptive activity
Followings have been often pointed out.
The total energy which is released in a standard eruption in scale is roughly equal to four hundred thousand tons of coal.
The energy which is equal to five million tons of coal is momentarily released in a large eruption.
Such an immense energy can be calculated into a tremendous quantity of buried energy.
We assume it for such a calculation that volcanic activities are originated in heats generated from radioactive matters.
Consequently, it can be presumed that the energy required for one eruption is roughly equal to the total energy generated in several million m＾3 of the mantle for a year.
How is this radioactive decay heat concentrated on a magma chamber ？
一
>>45
Furthermore, some hypothesis assumes that volcanic activities are originated in gas-pressure.
This hypothesis explains that the periodicity of eruptions is originated in gases dammed up by external crusts of magma.
But, this hypothesis can't explain the following case.
Namely, if the outer crust of magma is broken down once, a process to accumulate gases is not caused again.
Saying easily to understand, it's impossible to fill an uncorked bottle with champagne or make champagne be overflowed from an uncorked bottle again and again.
一
>>46
Accordingly, scientists are focusing on the deep part of the earth to find out an energy-source to support volcanic activities.
But, it seems that there are no sufficient constant energy-sources and gas-sources to cause volcanic explosions inside the mantle.
As stated previously, radioactive matters are concentrated on the earth's crust rather than uniformly distributed over the inside of the earth.
But, there are no evidences to imply that matters released from a volcano are especially high in intensity of radioactivity, waters and gases issued from a volcano are same as those on the surface of the earth in isotope composition.
一
>>47
Surely, we can find out matters secreted from a fluid at high temperature under the earth's crust, however the quantity of those matters is not large so much, and as those matters are scattered over the inside of the earth, it's impossible to sustain parts of heated waters resulted from volcanic activities for a long period.
Anyway, there are many unknown points about volcanic activities.
For example,
・ Why are volcanoes concentrated on comparatively 'young' sea bottoms ?
・ Why are eruptions repeated, is the scale of volcanic activity large and does the continued period of it tend to be long ?
・ What are large energies to support vapors and magma originated in ?
一
>>48
And, volcanic activities are proper phenomena to oceans rather than lands.
Usually, it's supposed that volcanic activities are originated in activities in the upper mantle.
The current theory asserts that the layer of softened matters called 'asthenosphere' is placed at a part of about 200 〜 400 km in depth, energies and matters are issued from the layer to the atmosphere, consequently volcanic mounds are formed.
According to the theory, even a small volcanic mound must have a long vertical tube of 200 〜 400 km in height.
一
>>49
According to an experiment to model a process under which vapors are issued through a sandy layer, the distance between positions emitting vapors depends on the thickness of the sandy layer, the distance is 3 〜 5 times the thickness and the interval between volcanic mounds in the sea bottom is 25 〜 30 km on the average.
一
>>50
In general, it's assumed that relays among liquid metals namely magmas are scattered over the comparatively shallow part to explain clustered volcanoes.
Furthermore, to explain the appearance of many volcanic mounds, it's assumed that there are giant magma chambers under the oceanic crust.
Besides, there are more than hundreds of thousands of volcanoes on the earth, taking the fact into consideration, we must suppose that magma-chambers are singly, successively placed on the very shallow part of about several km in depth.
一
>>51
Here, we suppose some origins to cause oceanic volcanic activities on the hypothesis of drainage crust.
Drainage crusts under the oceanic crust are placed on positions in which magma chambers are located.
※ These magma chambers are necessary for eruption.
The drainage crust is filled with vaporable solutions at extreme high pressure, high temperature.
The still water pressure in the oceanic drainage crust due to weights of sea waters and solutions is equal to about 1000 air pressure.
On the other hand, that in the continental drainage crust gets about 3000 〜 6000 air pressure ( at the case of 30 〜 60 km in thickness of the earth's crust ).
一
>>52
The still water pressure in the drainage crust under a continent is higher than that under the ocean.
Because a continent is 875 m higher than the sea surface in mean height,
fractures and faults in the continental crust are filled with solutions which are heavier than vaporized solutions raised from the drainage crust around the coast of a continent to the oceanic drainage crust.
一
>>53
Accordingly, a pair of continental crust and oceanic crust plays role as a kind of U-tube.
Besides, the still water pressure in one tube namely the continental crust is higher than that in the oceanic crust (≒ another tube).
Therefore, solutions at high temperature and vaporized solutions occupying the continental crust are discharged into the oceanic drainage crust.
As solutions constantly flow in the place, it becomes easy to generate extreme pressures in the oceanic drainage crust, so that volcanic activities in the sea bottom are activated.
一
>>54
Such an eruption works as a kind of 'safety valve' .
When the pressure in the oceanic drainage crust is higher than the water pressure, the breaking of the earth's crust bears role as a safety valve.
Finally, as the pressure in the crust decreases, once the volcanic activity halts. But the dormant term is not so long.
Actually, the whole earth is covered with drainage crusts, there are vapors at high temperature everywhere.
So, the pressure in the crust is recovered so as to match against the water pressure soon.
一
>>55
In an eruption, large quantities of vapors at high temperature flow out of a volcano, and cooled vapors fall as volcanic ashes.
If pressures at specific parts of volcanic paths and drainage crusts rapidly drop, solubilities of some matters such as silicate, aluminum silicate also are lowered, those matters turn to be viscous, jelly masses and they settle in specific parts.
一
>>56
These mineral 'viscous solutions' form masses in volcanic paths and they are deposited on the sea bottom as lava, tufa, pumice stone.
In the case of an eruption which is caused at a position of about 3 〜 4 km from the sea bottom in depth, in general, even vapors are not blown up on the air.
Because those vapors turn to join a surrounding water due to pressures beyond critical value and rapid cooling in the water.
一
>>57
Extreme pressures in the oceanic drainage crust are semi-permanently supported by high pressures in the continental drainage crust, astonishing activities on the sea bottom are originated in the existence of drainage crusts.
In the layer, the reduced pressure is recovered to the original state within a short time, and the part is filled with boiling various liquids and gas-like fluids at diverse components and concentrations.
一
>>58
By the way, complicated processes like black box to cause various changes such as heating, condensation, reaction, mixture are contained in volcanic physical & chemical actions.
As the pressure of vapors rising along volcanic paths ( its inner pressure gets 2000 〜 4000 air pressure ) decreases through expansions, coolings, solubilities of respective compounds & minerals contained in fluids are remarkably lowered.
一
>>59
So that, separate matters contained in solutions are transformed into a dense fluid.
※ In such a process, it's likely that dense-nonsense patterns are generated as compression waves.
Solutions are accumulated on or around the mouth of a volcanic path, those solutions are successively, strongly pushed up by the flow of vapors and gases, pushed up matters are shattered into particles vary into the cloud of volcanic ashes or the mass of fine lava particles.
一
>>60
And, the chemical composition of the matter issued from a volcano is similar to the combination of elements in the seawater.
This means that the drainage crust contributed to volcanic activities and the composition of the salt in the seawater.
Because the composition of salt in the seawater, chemical compositions of phosphorus - mineral layer and iron manganese - mineral layer in the sea bottom, etc are regulated by activities of the drainage crust in many cases.
一
>>61
By the way, what kind of energy-source keeps magma (≒ fluid metal) at high temperature of 500 〜 more than 1000 ℃ is a very important problem.
Unfortunately, solutions in the drainage crust are not so high in temperature.
But, not only solutions but also various gases such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfurous acid gas, methane,
hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen, etc are contained in volcanic paths, very active chemical reactions to generate heats are being developed in those parts.
一
>>63
For example, metal oxides easily react to methanes, hydrogens.
These reactions reduce irons to other materials, in the case of volcanic ash just after falling, as bivalent irons are reduced to tri-valent irons through oxygens in the air, they rapidly turn to be in black or brown.
Furthermore, some scattered organic matters are constantly accumulated on sedimentary rocks, they join the circulation of solid matters and enter the mantle.
Those organic matters including fossil fuels are transmuted into other materials under high temperature, high pressure.
These organic matters also are categorized into a kind of heat source.
一
>>64
Easy fuels to carry such as oil and gas often accumulated on reservoir layers of the drainage crust, the calorific power ( about twenty million tons of organic matter per 1 km＾3 of sedimentary rock ) is equal to 10 〜 100 times an usual eruptive energy.
And, when rocks are normally liquidized, derivative gases such as chlorine, bromine, fluorine are not generated.
Instead of that, silicates result from reactions of silicas with other compounds including salt, they separate acids from other matters and these acids are issued to the surface of the earth with vapors.
一
>>66
As the above, contradictions and limits included in various existing hypotheses have been pointed out.
But, principles of eruption are still unknown.
Surely, it's told that eruptive energies are originated in heating reactions caused by various gases.
However, even if it's possible to explain about the quantity of energy with such theories, it's far from completely catching energy-sources and mechanisms to momentarily cause a great explosion.
Solutions in the drainage crust are not as high as magma in temperature.
Meanwhile, it seems that there are large quantities of radioactive matters inside the earth's crust, especially radioactive matters are accumulated on granites.
Where were these radioactive matters conveyed to ?
It's unlikely that they are kept in-active inside the earth's crust.
Many clues may be drawn from large quantities of radioactive matters contained in the eartn's crust.
一
>>68
・ A bold hypothesis of volcanic activities which is different from existing theories, unknown radiant rays and elementary particles are released from the inside of a volcano to the ground
Taking a picture of a scene around a volcano, it's often caught as a photograph that various rays in color are rising from the surface of the earth.
Showing such a photograph to specialists in image-technology, some of them guess that an alias such as 'sky-fish' may be caught or it may be a mere mistake in taking a picture or filming.
Meanwhile, other specialists more prudently assert that unknown radiant rays related to magma (≒ fluid metals at ultra high temperature) might be accidentally caught as a picture.
一
>>70
By the way, mass media reported it at the end of July in 2005 that a cooperative research group among Japan, USA and China succeeded in the detection of neutrinos generated inside the earth.
And, stellar neutrinos released from a fixed star like the sun had been already detected, furthermore, a collaborative project of USA and Russia called SAGE ( http://www.nu.to.infn.it/exp/all/sage/ ) implied that neutrinos penetrating through a planet can be modified by matters constituting the planet.
Accordingly, it's possible to utilize this feature to make clear inner structures of a planet.
一
>>72
As pointed out previously, transmuted volcanic ashes through weathering show its fertilizing effects.
And, giant plants and fruits are found out in some places covered with volcanic ashes.
Furthermore, animals developed into special shapes can be found out on volcanic islands such as Galápagos Islands.
These causes have never been made clear yet, but it's guessed that unknown radiant rays originated in the inside of the earth contribute to such mutations of living being.
※ It's likely that radioactivities of radioactive matters buried in the earth's crust are neutralized by actions of neutrinos, original nuclear characters are transmuted into other states.
一
>>74
Another considerable point is that matters issued from a volcano including volcanic ashes behave as magnetic materials.
Concretely, getting an azimuth compass close to those matters, as its magnetic needle shakes, the azimuthal magnet often turns to be useless in a volcanic region.
※ Neutralizing actions by neutrinos namely actions to cancel radioactivities are often geometrically interpreted as elementary particles with self-interactions (≒ self-intersections).
By the way, I saw a strange scene at the dawn on 2009/08/23 .
At the time-zone, there were no clouds in the sky. But, I witnessed that scintillations with no sounds ran over one spot of some mountain chain in Hokkaido in Japan and a long and large cloud ( ? ) moved from the flashed position ( plural people witnessed the sight, the scene was accidentally recorded on a video. So it was not a mere illusion ).
※ It's known that Schumann resonances are started together with lightnings.
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※ Usually, 'heat-lightning effects' don't make sounds like thunders ( therefore, these phenomena are called 'silent lightnings' too ).
Accordingly, we should consider about the atmospheric state which had been so remarkably varied that heat-lightnings ( or silent lightnings ) are easily and frequently caused.
>>76
・ Magma chamber ≒ Natural nuclear reactor ？
At present, principles and energy-sources to cause an eruption and the internal mechanism of magma chamber are not still understood in detail.
One hypothesis assumes that an eruption is originated in gas-pressure, but it's clearly insufficient to explain about causes of eruption.
And, other hypotheses assume that eruptions are triggered by heats generated from chemical reactions by various gases in volcanic paths or combustions of fossil fuels, however these theories also are insufficient to understand actual mechanisms ( in this case, it may be possible to know the total quantity of energy, but it's impossible to catch causes of momentary explosion ).
Because much of fossil fuels are found out even places except for volcanic regions.
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>>77
The hypothesis of drainage crust by Russian researchers is surely very persuasive, but this hypothesis also is incomplete to catch all mechanism of eruption.
According to them, in the drainage crust between the earth's crust and the mantle, all matters are melted, those melted materials are conveyed and unknown various chemical changes are caused.
In particular, rocks composing the mantle are transmuted into continental rocks, silicas are conveyed to the upper side together with radioactive matters by vapors beyond some critical points, so that granitic layers are formed.
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>>78
Namely, silicas contained in the granitic layer are richer than those contained in the basaltic layer in quantity, those materials gather radioactive elements such as thorium, uranium, potassium and make them in-active.
Besides, since the birth of the earth, thermal energies inside the earth have been originated in nuclear energies generated from nuclear decays of radioactive matters.
Most of those radioactive matters are concentrated on the earth's crust, the remaining matters are contained in the mantle.
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>>79
But, they asserted that energy-sources of eruption are originated in heats issued from radioactive matters, on the other hand, they also have never clearly explained how radioactive decay heats are concentrated on magma chambers.
Furthermore, it has never been made sure that radioactivities contained in matters released from a volcano are especially high compared with those found out in other places.
Accordingly, it's clearly insufficient to quantitatively analyze compositions of volcanic issued matters such as volcanic ashes, lava for knowing compositions and characters of magma.
Because, at high temperature and high pressure in the deep part under the ground, even rocks are transmuted into metals, variations of its compositions and characters remarkably depend on difference in cooling condition at the eruption.
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As we know, DNews is, the same as Vsauce, 60 Symbols, etc , one of the comical enlightenments which are rather prevalent on the web recently.
If an eruption is caused by radioactive matters buried under the ground, how are radioactive influences released from those matters neutralized ?
This is a very significant question.
>>80-81
Followings are hypotheses by the administrator of some site.
Large quantities of radioactive matters such as uranium are contained in various metals conveyed in the drainage crust inside the earth.
Such radioactive matters are concentrated on magma chambers, they meet with large quantities of waters at some critical level and so that, nuclear fissionable reactions are caused.
Consequently, an eruption as a great explosion occurs.
Namely, it's supposed that principles of eruption and energy-sources of eruption are originated in radioactive matters brought from the drainage crust to magma chambers.
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>>82
In other words, it's supposed that eruptions which have been repeated again and again over the history of the earth and magma as its energy-source are originated in nuclear decay energies issued from radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium.
Besides, as uranium is roughly equal to thorium in ionic charge, size, both matters are mutually very similar in chemical character.
But, as these matters have comparatively large ionic valences, they are hard to be taken in mineral crystals.
Therefore, it's supposed that uraniums, thoriums are easily accumulated on the drainage crust as each single crystal.
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>>83
As the above, radioactive elements including uranium are settled in granites of the earth's crust from the drainage crust.
It's supposed that large quantities of silicas and radioactive matters are especially concentrated on magma chambers.
Here, we refer that chain reactions of nuclear explosions are triggered by uraniums in a reactor.
Uraniums are sufficiently concentrated on those magma chambers at some critical point, those uraniums and large quantities of waters as moderators co-exist under the condition.
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>>84
And, neutrons released from uraniums are decelerated due to collisions with hydrogen atoms, so that chain reactions with subsequent uraniums are more easily caused and they get to be nuclear reactions.
It's possible that mechanisms of momentary eruption also are basically similar to above nuclear reactions.
Namely, in the case of eruption, large quantities of issued waters play role as moderators, furthermore, in cases like enriched uranium, it's supposed that chain nuclear reactions are caused by elementary particles released from radioactive matters such as neutrons.
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>>85
The administrator of the site proposes that as silicas and radioactive materials accumulated from the drainage crust join waters as moderators in magma chambers, conditions to cause an eruption as a kind of nuclear fission are sufficiently prepared.
And, it's likely that the concentration of sufficient radioactive materials to cause an explosion makes a progress during a dormant volcanic activity.
According to this viewpoint, a magma chamber in a volcano is just likened to a natural nuclear reactor, an eruption corresponds to a natural nuclear explosion.
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>>86
・ Are radioactivities erased at a moment of eruption ？
Tentatively, it was assumed that a magma chamber corresponds to a natural nuclear reactor, an eruption is likened to a kind of natural nuclear explosion.
Even if it's true, how radioactivities disappear is left as a main question ( >>81 ).
By the way, previously, we referred to the earth-neutrino namely neutrinos generated inside the earth or neutrinos modified by matters composing the earth in passing through the earth.
It's likely that significant clues are included in characters of those neutrinos.
Because it's pointed out that neutrinos have functions to neutralize radioactivities under same conditions.
>>87
Meanwhile, it's found out as an assertion in a governmental document of some country that an eruption is a kind of nuclear fission originated in radioactive materials under the ground.
The content roughly asserted that if matters from which large quantities of neutrons are released such as boron are thrown into a crater in great quantities just before an eruption, the eruption can be suppressed.
This is a very interesting hypothesis.
But, it seemed to be refused by the government to continue studying on the hypothesis because it's very hard to utilize the concept in industry.
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>>88
・ An earthquake also may be triggered by principles to cause volcanic activities such as eruption
As many contradictions and insufficient features to explain have been pointed out in the theory of plate tectonics, we consider about various geological phenomena on the hypothesis 「an eruption ＝ a nuclear fission originated in radioactive matters buried under the ground」here.
According to the theory of drainage crust, it's supposed that volcanic activities and earthquakes are caused by concentrated radioactive matters conveyed from the drainage crust.
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>>89
For example, a nuclear reaction caused around a magma chamber of about several km under the ground turns to be an eruption, an earthquake is caused by nuclear reactions at a deeper position than that.
But, it has been reported that the seismic center of the great earthquake which occurred in Taiwan on 1999/09/21 was located in a position of only 1 km under the ground, this case was very different from usual earthquakes.
※ This case also was often regarded as an artificial earthquake.
By the way, extremely low frequency sounds originated in geomagnetic storms, geomagnetic pulsatory resonances between two locations on the earth and nuclear reactions under the earth's crust, etc are often heard by specific people as strange humming sounds.
Recently, reports of strange humming sounds including the Taos-hum are increasing.
Un-usual changes may be remarkably caused on or near the earth.
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>>91
・ Ways to extract respective kinds of resources including uranium from magma chambers
Magma namely liquid metals or liquid minerals contained in magma chambers are brought from a layer between the Mohorovicic section and the Conrad section namely the drainage crust.
The thickness of this drainage crust gets 5 〜 10 km on land, especially it gets more than 15 km on the mountainous region.
Meanwhile, the Conrad section and granitic layers are not contained in the oceanic crust.
But, the same as the continental crust, the oceanic crust is composed of two sedimentary petro-layers.
The primary basaltic layer laid over the Mohorovičić discontinuity is uniform in thickness, the thickness of this layer is assumed as the main thickness of the drainage crust.
Namely, the thickness of the oceanic drainage crust gets to be 3 km on average.
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>>92
The drainage crust is filled with very rich gases and solutions, large quantities of heliums and various kinds of liquid mineral resources leached out of granitic layers are abundantly contained in those fluids.
Compounds containing all elements have been accumulated in fluids in the drainage crust since the formation of the crust.
There are no mineral sources which are equal to the drainage crust in scale, universality on the earth.
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>>93
Accordingly, the drainage crust can be regarded as the unique source to supply fluids to generate heavy hydrogens used in a nuclear fusion reactor, 4 × 10＾11 tons of iron manganese mass buried in the sea bottom and mineral deposits of respective kinds of mineral resources found out even on the surface of the earth.
Many factors contribute to the formation of hydrothermal mineral deposite, solutions containing mineral components play main roles to gather minerals.
Most of the mineral deposits are distributed along deep fractures, this implies that mineral rocks are generated from solutions in the drainage crust.
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>>94
Solutions raised along such a fracture meet with a condition suitable to reactions, those liquid compounds change into solids and mineral deposits are formed from precipitated solid matters.
Furthermore, as respective materials contained in solutions in the drainage crust are different in solubility and have various chemical characters, those solutions most actively react to minerals contained in its surrounding mother rocks at the beginning of rise, some kinds of them form hard soluble compounds.
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>>95
And then, remaining liquids lose many compounds to produce mineral deposits, meanwhile those remaining solutions get to be occupied by materials drawn from surrounding rocks.
Solutions further continue to move, they form mineral deposits of other inactive components in an other layer under a different condition.
If the drainage crust is full of diverse solutions in composition and it plays main roles to form mineral deposits, it may be possible to directly draw minerals from solutions in the drainage crust rather than through tunnels.
Namely, it gets be possible to move solutions from the drainage crust to the surface of the earth and draw various materials from those taken solutions through new extraction methods.
※ For example, adsorption methods with ion-exchange resins, chromatography-methods and electrochemical methods are included in those new extraction methods.
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>>96
Separations of minerals from solutions in the drainage crust ( including magma namely liquid metal ) are systematically ordered at every mineral.
Copper, lead, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, gold ( Au ), silver ( Ag ), platinum, chromium, stannum, tungsten, mercury, etc are respectively buried in the earth's crust at the rate of below 0.1 % .
Distributed states in the earth of rare metals are remarkably different from those of other metals which are contained in the earth's crust in large quantities.
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>>97
Metals which are contained in the earth's crust in large quantities compose minerals as main elements.
Meanwhile, in cases of rare metals, they are replaced with parts of main elements composing crystals such as sulfide, oxide, silicate.
And, as mineral deposits containing rare metals are localized and small-sized, it's very hard to search for those mineral deposits.
Platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium and other platinum group metals are mainly contained in materials composing the upper part of the mantle of the igneous rocks.
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>>98
Meanwhile, in many cases, golds ( Au ) are contained in igneous rocks constituting the earth's crust, they often constitute a mineral deposit of gold dusts.
Chrome, tungsten, tantalum, vanadium, niobium and uranium, etc are generated as oxides.
Such chromites are found out in harzburgites contained in a basic mineral deposit of terminal magma.
Tungstens are produced from a hydrothermal mineral deposit of iron huebnerites and ash-heavy stones, a contact replacement mineral deposit and a sandy mineral deposit.
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>>99
And, titanic iron ore, rutile are known as some of main minerals containing titanium, particularly, titanic iron ores are separated from crystalline structures by magma through differentiation actions.
But, most mineral deposits are taken out from parts near the surface of the earth rather than deep parts at present.
Interestingly, mercury ( Mg ) as liquid metal at room temperature was effectively utilized in a special driving source called Marconi vortex dynamo which played an important role in a flying vessel worked by 'Vril' .
