I sent a mail including the following content to some sites in the spring of 2014 .
〝Disturbances were caused over the existence of STAP-cell which had been shown by a Japanesr female researcher, however even if the same as dark matter, black body, worm-hole, this is a virtual being at present, it's very significant to continue to study about the cell.
It seems that she caught 'something' to be able to strikingly get near the embryonic limit.
As unexpected wonderful results can be often drawn from such a field, the same as homunculus ( through chemical topo-logical operations ), multiwave oscillator, it's hesitated to give up such quests″
Checking various cases of fracture of bone, osteoporosis is classified into three types ( 1. low osteo-density type 2. osteo-quality deterioration type 3. the mixture of 1 and 2 ) rather than a single disease from viewpoints of osteo-density and osteo-quality.
Especially, the mixture type ( 3 ) has high risk to cause fracture of bone, medical treatments must be performed on it quickly to prevent successive fractures.
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In particular, estimations of inter-molecular cross-links of collagen to regulate osseous quality, markers of oxidative stress and saccharification ( such as pentosidine, homocysteine ) to bring anomaly to collagen can be regarded as surrogate markers to find out osteo-quality deterioration.
It's possible to use combinations of existing medicines against osteoporosis as tailor-made treatments against three types of this disease at present ( in 2013 ).
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Then, it's important to estimate measurement of osteo-density and osteo-quality markers at the same time for tackling this disease according to diverse symptoms.
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By the way, as oxidative stress is a factor to promote deteriorations of not only osteo-quality but also polyethylene as a material for artificial joint,
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when a replacement with an artificial joint was performed on an osteo-quality deterioration typed patient, it's necessary to observe the course after the operation for a long time.
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Osteo-quality is important as a factor to regulate the strength of bone except for osteo-density.
And, osteo-quality is regulated by characters of materials composing a bone and characters of a structure formed on those materials ( fine or microscopic structure ).
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Furthermore, osteo-density depends on the extent of calcification of bone and the fine structure of bone.
These factors are controlled by re-modelings of bone.
Namely, if bone-absorption is promoted, the extent of calcification falls.
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So that, fine structures and osteo-density dependent on the factor also deteriorate.
Inversely, if bone-absorption is suppressed, the extent of calcification and the fine structure are improved.
It's known that collagen occupies 20 % in weight, besides it occupies 50 % ( about half ) in volume of the texture respectively.
It has been found out that the strength of this collagen itself is regulated by a mechanism independent of the re-modeling of bone according to recent studies.
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The formation of bridges ( or cross-links ) to interlock adjacent collagen-molecules is a representative modification process after interpretation of collagen.
Besides, this is a factor to regulate calcification and the strength of collagen-fiber.
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The formation of collagen bridges ( or collagen cross-links ) is complicatedly controlled by functionalities of osteo-blast and conditions around the collagen ( oxidative stress, saccharificational stress and carbonyl stress, etc ).
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As oxidative stress promotes the deterioration of polyethylene for artificial joint, we must take not only local conditions around each artificial joint but also constitutions and diseases ( especially, lifestyle-related diseases ) to increase oxidative stress into consideration.
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Studies on the influences of factors to increase oxidative stress on bones consequently enable us to predict abrasions and loosenings caused after the replacement with artificial joint.
The increases of respective stresses are promoted due to lack of estrogen and aging too.
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Furthermore, the accumulation of advanced glycation end products ( AGEs ) on bone can be induced by promoting these stresses.
We show it in this section that consequently, such processes can lower the strength of bone and increase the risk of fracture of bone.
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A bone composing a wing of a bird has sufficient strength and lightness to fly.
The torus ( cavity ) structure of a bone of a wing of a bird is very similar to torus structures of wings and bridges of a plain.
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If bones and muscles successively work on something, organizations composing those organs adaptively vary depending on applied external forces.
And, they have an inclination to be tougher according to such variations.
Such variations can be regarded as functional adaptations by organizations themselves on self-organizations ( without instructions from the brain ).
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( • ) One of the functional adaptations simulated with cell-automaton
〈 Rules 〉
A weight is applied to a matter of square cells.
And, a stress generated at each cell is transformed into a numerical value,
if a higher stress is generated at the cell, the strength (＝ Young's modulus) of the cell rises.
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This model is different from usual models of cellular automaton, the temporal state of each cell is determined by one's own stress namely the whole state of cells rather than cells on both sides.
→ interactions between each part and the whole ( local scale and non-local scale )
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In an actual living body, if the stress on a part increases due to an applied weight to the part, a substance to strengthen osseous tissues around the part is released.
It's supposed that aging is one of the main factors to lower such a feed-back function, so that an osteoporosis is caused.
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A bone has a typical porous structure, it contains many cross-links and its density also is high at young generation.
But, because of aging, cross-links are reduced, its density decreases and the strength declines.
As re-modeling contributes to tissue ( organization ) - regeneration, we should pay attention to re-modeling.
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Here, we should notice that a bone of a wing of a bird has cavity structure, but unexpectedly it has high strength too.
Namely, we must take not only structural viewpoints but also material viewpoints into consideration.
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An enzyme to synthesize ATP is roughly divided into two units, one of those two units is composed of a toroidal part of plural trans-membrane polypeptides and an neighboring part to it.
Another of above two units sticks into the saddle part of the torus.
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1. Aging of bone ; changes of osteo-collagens into AGEs
From the viewpoint of material, a bone is likened to a reinforced concrete.
In this case, mineral ingredient corresponds to reinforced concrete, collagen-proteins correspond to reinforcing bars.
※ Collagens contained in bones are mainly classified into I-type.
The quake-resistance (≒ the strength of bone) of a building made of inferior reinforcing bars falls.
※ Recently, it has been found out that some theories for architecture hold even on the strength of bone.
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AGEs as aging cross-links are over-inducted into osteo-collagens due to primary osteoporosis, diabetes, renal failure and aging, etc, consequently the strength of bone lowers.
Oxidative stress and saccharification related to ground substantial protein give considerable influences on over-aging of collagen.
By the way, it's impossible to estimate the risk of fracture of bone only on calcium-based parameters dependent on the promotion of bone-absorption and the drop in osteo-density following it.
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It also is necessary for catching the risk of fracture at high precision to estimate changes of collagen into AGEs.
Plural estimation methods to utilize AGEs ( pentosidine ) in a blood or an urine as 'osteo-quality markers ( osteo-matrix markers )' for estimating material deterioration have been reported domestically and internationally.
Those methods also are effective to estimate the risk of fracture of bone.
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According to longitudinal researches over Nagano cohort, it has been made clear that it's possible to estimate the risk of bone-fracture at high accuracy by combining measurement of osteo-density with data of markers to regulate osteo-qualities (≒ data of osteo-material markers).
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Furthermore, according to these clinical studies, it's possible to explain 93 % of the risk of new fracture of vertebra over the women at postmenopause on four factors ( namely, osteo-density, bone-fractures in the past or at that time, age, osteo-material markers ).
Besides, as high valued osteo-quality markers had relation to 33 % of the risks of fracture, they can be regarded as markers to predict fractures.
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