>>8
・ Various applications of weathered volcanic ash
Zeolite is one of the weathered and transmuted volcanic ashes under characteristic environmental conditions.
Industrial worlds have paid attention to zeolite as one of the inorganic industrial materials until now.
Its main ingredients are silicon oxide SiO2 , aluminum oxide Al2O3 , calcium oxide CaO , sodium oxide NaO , kalium oxide K2O and water H2O , etc, these are very similar to ingredients of natural volcanic ash, therefore, it's supposed that partial ingredients of the volcanic ashes were dissolved and transmuted.
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>>9
It's well-known that this zeolite can be transformed into glass by heating it at comparatively low temperature and it turns out to be a foamed state by dehydrating it.
In Japan, the distribution of zeolites roughly agrees with that of tuffs which were ejected from active volcanos in the Miocene and heaped on the ground.
And, various physical, chemical, biological actions on the layer of tuffs remarkably contributed to the generation of zeolites.
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At present ( about 2009 〜 2010 ), it's known that in Japan, good zeolites are widely distributed over Tohoku region and regions under which green tuffs are buried are mainly found out on the side of the Japan Sea.
And, as volcanic ashes were transformed into zeolites through various weathering-transmutation actions, they are distributed over the desert region of the South-West of the North America, the Great Rift Valley of the East-North Africa and East Europe , etc , world-widely.
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Furthermore, following features of zeolite have been pointed out by some researchers.
1. It contains zeolite-waters and large quantities of waters.
2. Its specific gravity is comparatively small and large gaps are formed in the dehydrated state.
3. It has cation-exchange properties.
4. It has same cavities as molecules in size, and it can adsorb gases & waters.
5. It has catalytic actions.
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Various ways to use it on above properties have been considered and executed.
Properties of this zeolite also depend on environments and climates.
Applied cases of zeolite at present are as follows ( about 2009 〜 2010 ).
( a ) Soft-clay for paper-manufacturing ( filler )
( b ) Separation-chemicals ( to separate oxygen from nitrogen and to adsorb SO2-gas )
( c ) Demoisture chemicals
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( d ) Ion-exchange for wastewater treatment
( e ) Soil-conditioner ( for improving soil and increasing holding-abilitiy of nitrogen fertilizer )
( f ) Materials for preventing granular fertilizer from hardening ( preventing granular fertilizer from losing moisture with covering )
( g ) For fodder ( killing bad smells such as deodorizing and drying excretions, wastewater treatment, mixing them with fodders )
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( h ) Catalytic carrier ( chemical treatment for NO2-gas similar to oxidation-catalyzer, the use of zeolite as catalyst )
( i ) Other industrial uses ( softening chemicals for hard water, adsorption chemicals for toxic gas, absorber for bad smell, treatment for toxic wastewater, etc )
As mentioned in the above, many and various applications have been considered and performed.
>>15
And, clay brought great benefits to mankind, this also is a kind of weathered volcanic ash.
Clay is mainly composed of atoms constituting silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium, oxygen and water-molecules.
Its compositions are same as those of volcanic ash.
Furthermore, various ingredients and characters of clay also depend on environmental conditions, they are applied to many fields including industry, agriculture.
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Namely, clay can be classified into various kinds such as bentonite, acid clay, active clay, kaolin clay, sericite, pyrofilament and montmorillonite,
they have diverse features ( swellingness, adhesiveness, absorptiveness, catalytic property, plasticity, heat-hardeningness, brightness, suspending property, malleability, alleviativeness, detoxification, base-exchanging, etc ).
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>>17
Applied fields are as follows.
( 1 ) Petroleum industry ; chemicals to adjust muddy water for boring, protecting chemicals for drills to dig petroleum wells, chemicals to prevent walls of petroleum wells from collapsing, decolorant and refining chemical for crude oil, etc.
( 2 ) Ceramics ;
ceramics, roof tile, tile, fire-proof brick, cement-raw material, granular binder for casting, etc.
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( 3 ) Chemical industry ;
filler for paper-manufacturing, coating chemicals, rubber filler, filler for plastics, decolorant for oils and fats, refining chemicals, pigment, raw materials for drugs and cosmetics, chemicals to treat radioactive wastes, etc.
( 4 ) Agriculture ;
improving chemicals for soil ( improvement in moistening soil, improvement in maintenance of fertile components, prevention of soil from acidifying, etc ), agricultural dispersant, materials to prevent a rice field from leaking water, etc.
※ Meanwhile, clay can cause disasters such as landslide, ground subsidence due to its swellingness, condensed denseness.
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As the above, volcanic ashes are weathered and transmuted into diverse states and components at various environmental conditions, they contribute to our life.
Especially, comparatively new volcanic ashes have been industrially applied.
Besides, volcanic ashes that about 5000 years have passed from an eruption have best adsorption.
Moreover, weathered volcanic ashes turn out to be suitable for agriculture because of its fertilizing effects.
As more than times go, they are transmuted into tuffs and zeolites.
They are effective in cereal cultivation including rice crop.
Unexpectedly, it has been overlooked that volcanic ashes were temporally, gradually transmuted into different features from original states through weathering.
〈 Ref 〉
「The Asymptotic Behavior of Coordination Sequences for the 4-connected Nets of Zeolites and Related Structures」
by M.O' Keeffe, S.T.Hyde
in 'Z.Kristallogr' Vol.211 ( 2 ) p.73 〜 78
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・ Unexpected actions and effects of volcanic ashes
( 1 ) Applications to industrial waste treatment
It's possible to decompose toxic substances which give bad influences on a living body at room temperature and low cost by mixing coal dusts issued from a thermal power plant with 'allophanes' ( a kind of clayish material ) extracted from volcanic ashes.
Such a fact was made sure by cooperative researches of Sinshu university with a private company in Nagano prefecture in Japan.
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According to experiments, if those allophanes are mixed with 'phthalate diethyl' as a kind of environmental hormone used to process vinyl chlorides, branches sticking out of the frame of molecular structure of phthalate diethyl are cut off from its roots.
And, it was made clear that it further raises the decomposition ability to mix the phthalate diethyl with coal dusts similar to allophanes in chemical structure.
Moreover, they succeeded in decomposing a carcinogen 'trichloroethylene' similar to environmental hormones in molecular structure through the the same method as the above.
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By the way, it had been known that allophanes abundantly contained in volcanic regions could adsorb environmental hormones.
Decomposition abilities by allophanes were found out on the way of research to search for adsorptive filters to which the character is applied.
Professor.Fujii supposes that the above way can be applied to decomposing other environmental hormones because environmental hormones are mutually very similar in molecular topology.
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For example, following applications of this feature are expected.
・ Filter to purify waste waters
・ 'Chemicals for improving soil' to make the soil polluted by environmental hormones harmless
・ Filter to decompose trichloroethylene which is used for washing electronic components and is regarded as a troublesome polluted matter in various places.
Until now, environmental hormones have been decomposed by irradiating a laser beam and applying high pressure to them.
But, various problems related to those ways such as high cost, over-exhaustion of carbon dioxide also have been pointed out ( about 2009 〜 2010 ).
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Merits of the above way introduced in this section are as follows.
・ It enables us to effectively utilize unnecessary coal dusts.
・ Because the environmental hormone can be decomposed under the mixture of such hormones and coal dusts at room temperature, the cost required for decomposition can be suppressed to below the half of the usual cost.
We should pay attention that volcanic ashes also can contribute to industrial waste treatment and cost-reduction.
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( 2 ) Relief of urban regions from heated island-phenomena
Gaps are made in the inside of a product under development at present ( in 2009 ), the product has absorbent function, ability for reservoir of water, transpiration ability, and it can suppress rise in temperature by evaporation.
The product is usable for panels on an outer wall, inter-blocking, we are trying to expand its use with checking its compression intensity.
Furthermore, to relieve urban regions from heated island-like state, volcanic ashes also can be effective.
Because they have many gaps and are full of adiabatic property and fire resistance.
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( 3 ) Volcanic ashes can bring failures in function to electronic devices
A magnet, a radar and a watch often don't normally work around a place covered with volcanic ashes.
Accordingly, even if those devices are used in a room, influences on those devices can depend on the position of the device ( or the user ).
By the way, phosphoric graphite is a kind of phosphorus contained in volcanic ashes, as this matter has a feature to absorb electric waves, it's usable for electric wave-observer.
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「Trajectory of the 2010/08/07 Biwa-lake fireball determined from seismic recordings」 https://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/pdf/2012/6401/64010027.pdf
This remarkable phenomenon had happened before the great earthquake occurred around the coast of the Pacific Ocean of Tohoku region of Japan ( 2011/03/11 ).
The following case is an event which had been observed over Japan before the great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake occurred on 1995/01/17 .
「Fireball over Japan : 1994/05/08」 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JIMO...23..245S
It's told that these patterns are influences of scalar waves on clouds.
I also have seen such strange cloud-patterns including scale-clouds and unusual behaviors of fogs & gases over Hokkaido many times.
>>63
Transitional patterns of clouds as follows were witnessed over some region of Hokkaido in Japan this morning.
Ripple-like clouds → scale-clouds → granular clouds for about 2 〜 3 hours.
These transitional patterns may be influences of scalar waves on the atmospheric layer.
Besides it's told that scalar waves affect living bodies, mental factors such as thoughts, e-motions.
>>65
Somehow, I remember a phrase of a song, 'I will wash away a sorrow with that cloud from now' .
If it's so, these strange clouds look like Wild Lam (≒ wild lamentation).
By the way, Lam in Tibetan means path, orbit or Tao.
Precisely, we should regard an electron as a probabilistic cloud rather than a particle.
Accordingly, it's more correct to imagine a pattern of electron orbits around a nucleus as con-tour lines in a pressure ( stress ) pattern or a concentric pattern (→ continuous geomagnetic pulsations) or a spiral pattern (→ irregular geomagnetic pulsations).
>>102.
Pattern-like clouds appear over this region this morning too.
Rarely, such weather-conditions have been observed around this region for plural days recently.
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>>64>>104
Pattern-like clouds such as striped, scale-, ripple-like, spherical clouds , etc are easy to be formed in the atmospheric layer over this region of Hokkaido from the end of this August to today.
I have never seen such strange weather-conditions for a long term until now.
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>>105
Irregular striped clouds are being seen over this region this morning.
I stayed in Matsumoto-city of Nagano-prefecture in Japan in autumn of 2001 , weather conditions over the region at that time is rather similar to recent weather conditions over this region of Hokkaido.
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>>106
Pattern-like clouds appeared over this region of Hokkaido this night.
It's probable that such a pattern of clouds was influences of longitudinal waves (≒ scalar waves) on weather-condition, besides, remarkable bad conditions of my body have relation to such influences of scalar waves on weather over this region.
Namely, it's probable that scalar waves affect a living body.
Scale-clouds appeared over the wide range in the sky of this region of Hokkaido just before this dawn.
Probably, a remarkable languor today may have correlation with the unusual atmospheric state.
