2.1 The decomposition of CFC ( Chloro-Fluoro-Carbon )
To resolve environmental problems originating in CFCs , it's required to suppress the release of CFCs into the atmosphere by properly decomposing CFCs.
The plasma-method, the combustion-method, the cement kiln-method, the oxygen-hydrogen flame-method, etc were acknowledged as valid technologies to decompose CFCs in countries signing the Montreal protocol.
In the case of the method for decomposing CFCs by plasma, methods using arc-discharge, microwave-discharge and corona-discharge have been practically used.
Here, the method for decomposing CFCs by RF-plasma with steam is shown.
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A plant to decompose CFCs by high-frequency ( RF ) thermal plasma with steam is put in I city of Japan.
This plant can decompose CFCs at 70 kg/h by generating the 100 %-steam plasma from the 200 kW-power under the 200 torr-pressure.
The total reaction to decompose CFC-11 ( CCl3F ) through steam-plasma is as follows.
CCl3F ＋ 2 ( H2O ) → CO2 ＋ 3 ( HCl ) ＋ HF
( 1 )
In the case without steam, disproportionations to generate CCl2F2 and CClF3 and demerization reactions to generate C2Cl3F and C2Cl3F3 appear, and the generation of soot also is confirmed.
To suppress these side-effects is one of the advantages on the use of steam-plasma.
When CFCs are decomposed through steam-plasma, HF and HCl also are generated.
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Letting these decomposed gases through water, HF and HCl can be removed as solutions.
And, the water temperature can be lowered into below 80 ℃ by directly passing decomposed gas through water, so that the re-composition of dioxin can be suppressed.
After that process, issued gases are purified in a scraba or a building to remove active carbons.
In the case of PLASCON-plasma process in Australia, CFCs are decomposed by supplying steam into a DC plasma jet. http://www.plascon.com.au/
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The system can decompose CFC-12 ( CF2Cl2 ) at 40 L/min through the 150 kW plasma jet, if the ratio of supply-quantity to the power of plasma is set up below 6 mol/kWh, CF3Cl generated from side-effects can be suppressed.
In particular, the use of steam as plasma-gas can more effectively suppress the generation of CF3Cl and CF4 compared with the use of oxygen.
And, in Germany, a pilot plant to decompose CFCs through DC-plasma jet of 100 % steam has been developed.
「Hazardous Waste Destruction」 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=atFPpBWl31o
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2. The waste disposal by steam plasma
2.2 The decomposition of halon
Halon is a kind of CFC including bromine, the matter has been used for computer-rooms, electric rooms and fire-extinguishing equipments in forbidden places of the use of water such as parking areas.
But, as halon was specified as a matter to cause environmental destruction, the production of this matter has been stopped.
However, methods to properly process abandoned halons also have never been established ( in 2011 ).
The decomposition of halon is costly, technologically more difficult than that of CFC .
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In such a situation, the method to process halon by thermal plasma has been regarded as one of the efficient methods to decompose halon.
※ As about 98 % of managed halons correspond to halon 1301 ( CBrF3 ), the establishment of method to process halon 1301 is an emergency subject.
The decomposition of halon is being carried out through steam RF plasma shown in a previous section.
It has been achieved to decompose halon 1301 at 50 kg/h under the same condition as that of CFC .
The total reaction of halon 1301 with steam-plasma is as follows.
CBrF3 ＋ 2 ( H2O ) → CO2 ＋ 3 ( HF ) ＋ HBr
( 2 )
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The research to decompose halon with techniques of PLASCON stated in the above also is being continued.
In the case of decomposition of CF2ClBr with steam, if the ratio of supplied quantity to plasma-power is below 10 mol/kWh , un-decomposed halons can be ignored.
And, HBr, HF and HCl can be removed as solutions by making decomposed gases alkaline.
However, a defect in ways to make decomposed gas alkaline is that the facility for drainage tends to be large-scale.
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Recently ( about 2011 ), the dry-thermal decomposing-method is being considered to withdraw bromides and fluorines generated as decomposed CFC-gases by reacting them with solid-alkaline materials such as calcium oxide and magnesium oxide.
The system for waste-disposal without water-processing like this is economically advantageous.
The total reaction of halon 1301 with burnt lime is as follows.
CBrF3 ＋ 2 ( CaO ) → CO2 ＋ 3/2 ( CaF2 ) ＋ 1/2 ( CaBr )
( 3 )
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One of the features of dry-thermal decomposing-method is to solidify fluorines & bromines resulted from the decomposition of halon into CaF2 & CaBr2 and efficiently withdraw those solidified matters.
2.3 The decomposition of tire
The process to re-use combustion heat resulted from the burning of abandoned tires has been regarded as one of the ways to process abandoned tires.
But, in this case, the generation of harmful issued gases such as NOx, CHx and SOx, etc is inevitable, and heavy-metals such as Hg, Zn, Cd also are contained in those issued gases.
So, way to synthesize fuel-gas through thermal decomposition is more suitable than burning for processing abandoned tires.
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In particular, when the thermal decomposition of abandoned tires is carried out through thermal plasma, the fuel-gas of C2H2, CH4, C2H4, H2, CO, etc can be efficiently synthesized.
The mixed gas of argon or argon-hydrogen is used as a plasma-gas and the steam is supplied into the lower stream of plasma-jet at 3 kg/h in this process.
Processing tires turned to be like dusts in about 500 μm through 80 kW of plasma-jet at 1.5 〜 4 kg/h , fuel-gases equal to 4 〜 7 MJ/m＾3 can be synthesized.
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It's important to control the generated quantity of ZnO , SOx , NOx in processing abandoned tires.
The process with thermal plasma can suppress the issued quantity of SOx and NOx so as to be below 100 〜 200 ppm , can gather ZnO through a filter.
So, the process to decompose abandoned tires through thermal plasma also is remarkable.
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3. The waste disposal by plasma at reduction mode
3.1 A way to turn molten flying dusts to be harmless
About fifty million tons of urban garbages a year are issued in this country, 70 % of them are burnt.
Several % of high volatile heavy-metals such as Pb and Zn are contained in burnt flying dusts which are generated in garbage dumps.
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Flying dusts gathered by devices for collecting dusts such as electric dust-collector of incinerator and bug-filter are specified as specially managed general wastes, four kinds of methods for processing are set to those flying dusts on the executive law for waste disposal.
One of them is a molten slugging-method.
This is a way to melt flying dusts down at high temperature ( about 1200 〜 1500 ℃ ) and withdraw molten dusts turned to be like slug.
And, although dioxin at high concentration is contained in the flying dust, the molten slugging-method can decompose dioxin.
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When flying dusts or burnt main dusts are molten down, heavy metals and salts contained in those dusts with low boiling point are volatily diffused and dusts like heavy metals which are more concentrated than flying dusts appear.
These are called molten flying dusts and are equal to about several % of the quantity of molten flying dusts.
As molten flying dusts contain heavy metals which have higher concentration than that of original burnt flying dusts, more rigorous way for handling than that of burnt flying dusts is required.
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At present ( about 2011 ), molten flying dusts are being buried under managed places for disposal through processes to stabilize such as cement-slugging, drug-slugging.
But, as these molten flying dusts contain heavy metals at higher concentration than usual flying dusts and salts such as NaCl and KCl in large quantities, it's very hard to maintain the stability after slugging-process.
Furthermore, wet processing-methods using acid, alkaline chemicals eventually need large quantities of waters.
So that, the cost for chemicals tends to be expensive and the facility for drainage also tends to be large-scale.
Therefore, the development of compact and low-costed technology for processing molten flying dusts without water-processing has been desired.
One of the solutions for that is a processing-method to make molten flying dusts to be harmless through RF-thermal plasma with hydrogen.
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Putting molten flying dusts in the RF-thermal plasma at high temperature reduction mode, those dusts are immediately evaporated and decomposed.
Then, heavy metals such as Pb, Zn contained as oxides in molten flying dusts are turned into metallic atoms in the plasma.
Taking these decomposed products separately or as bulks out of the lower stream of plasma, we can separate pure and harmless ashes from heavy metals.
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To separate-withdraw flying dusts decomposed in RF-plasma, it's needed to control its process for condensing.
Respective temperatures of condensation are calculated out on the degree of super-saturation which is an important parameter related to the generation of nucleus during condensation.
This implies that hydrogen has significant influence on the temperature of condensation for ZnO .
Metals with low boiling point make aggregations on those surfaces of particles composing matters with high boiling point in burnt flying dusts or molten flying dusts.
This method with plasma for reduction can decompose or separate particles of dusts turned to be gas-like, atom-like from the mixture of various matters.
And, this can separately withdraw respective components by controlling post-processes for cohesion.
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We carried out some experiments with a device for processing molten flying dusts.
This device was composed of a RF-plasma torch and a thermostat.
The thermostat as a component heated up matters to check the correlations of temperatures with collected matters in the lower stream of plasma.
In this case, flying dusts are led from the center of plasma torch to the nozzle for supplying, and the temperature of the thermostat for heating is optionally set up.
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In particular, in the case of argon-hydrogen plasma, the quantity of contained heavy metals such as Pb, Zn is little in the range at high temperature above 700 〜 900 ℃ , meanwhile matters containing much heavy metals are withdrawn in the range at low temperature below 700 〜 900 ℃ .
The quantity of heavy metals contained in matters withdrawn in this range at high temperature was very little ( Pb ; 0.04 wt% , Zn ; 0.05 wt% ).
So, the system to process molten flying dusts by hydric RF-plasma is promising as a compact and low-costed technology for processing.
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3.2 The processing of coal flying dusts
The fundamental research on the separation of components from coal flying dusts is being carried out ( about 2010 〜 2011 ).
The purpose of this research is to separate-withdraw silicon components with processing main components of coal flying dusts such as SiO2 and Al2O3 through argon-hydric plasma-jet.
Processing the mixture of SiO2 - Al2O3 through argon-plasma or argon-hydric plasma, the thermal decomposition or the reducing reaction of SiO2 is selectively caused.
So that, Si and SiO are obtained as evaporative matters, Al2O3 is left as a heated substance.
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The reducing-reaction of SiO2 selectively happens and Si and SiO evaporate from the heated substance through argon-hydric plasma.
At the same time, the reducing reaction of Al2O3 also is partially caused, then Al and Al2O evaporate.
However, its speed of reaction is very slow, the quantity of evaporated matters is quitely little.
So that, the purity of silicon components withdrawn as evaporated substances becomes high.
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4. The waste disposal by plasma at oxidative mode
4.1 The processing of low-level radioactive waste
Incombustible miscellaneous solid wastes of low-level radioactive wastes which were issued from nuclear power plants have remained un-treated.
The system to process low-level radioactive wastes with furnace for inducting meltdown by plasma is considered for the stabilization and the reduction of these wastes.
Ways such as cutting, compressing and melting, etc have been presented as methods to reduce volumes of waste, a more idealized method to process wastes with melting is expected to have the maximum ratio of reducing volume, even if various wastes are processed through this method, an uniform matter must be obtained.
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The combination of RF-plasma with inductive furnace for heating of these methods to process with meltdown can process various wastes as a lump regardless of combustibility or incombustibility.
Furthermore, because oxidative plasma is used for processing in this method, it's possible to rapidly burn-decompose incombustible wastes through the method.
Therefore, at present ( about 2011 ), this method is being regarded as a validest way for processing.
The DC-plasma method has been used for reducing volume until now.
Although the oxygen-rich burning has been supported to be effective for burning incombustible matters, the exhaustion of electrodes was remarkable in this method.
And, the meltdown by inductive heating is not suitable for processing concretes and glasses.
Accordingly, the combination of RF-plasma with inductive furnace for heating will be able to compensate for above defects.
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4.1 The processing of abandoned ion-exchange resin
The system to process abandoned ion-exchange resins with oxygen-plasma is being developed ( at 2011 ).
This is a way to reduce the volume and stabilize of ion-exchange resins which are generated in reactors for cleaning radionuclides, through oxygen-plasma.
A part of metallic materials composing a reactor which are corroded under high temperature reaches the reactor core as ion through coolant, and another part of those materials reaches the core as suspended matter respectively.
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And, corroded products radio-activated by the irradiations of neutrons circulate in the system, adhere to pipings as clads.
Most of elements composing those clads are Fe, meanwhile the ratio of 60CO and 54Mn for contributing to radio-activity is high.
These nuclides are originated in CO , Ni and Fe composing stainless steel, stellite and inconel, etc which are materials to compose a nuclear power plant.
In particular, the radioactive half-life of 60CO is long compared with other nuclides, its energy of γ-ray is high.
So, it's difficult to handle this element.
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Steams generated in a reactor are condensed through a device for returning water after driving the turbine.
Corroded products generated in the upper stream of the device for returning water are removed through ion-exchange resins in a purifier returning water.
Accordingly, powdered ion-exchange resins clean up radioisotopes activated in a reactor, so that those resins adsorb radio-activated CO and others.
Abandoned ion-exchange resins are generally stored in facilities. But, as it's hard to keep places for storing those matters, it's desired to reduce the volume and stabilize of those matters.
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Because abandoned ion-exchange resins are in-combustible, it's hard to usually burn-reduce the volume of those.
Accordingly, the volume of low-level abandoned resins are reduced by burning those resins together with miscellaneous wastes, and they are stored as uniform solid matters through cement-slugging in facilities or are disposed.
Meanwhile, most of high level abandoned resins are stored at half-processed in the tank of the facility.
The same as that, ways to process abandoned resins generated during the disposition have never been found out ( about 2011 ).
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A method with RF-plasma at decompression ( 0.25 〜 0.9 torr ) also is one of the efficient ways to process abandoned ion-exchange resins.
This method can decrease secondary wastes such as tar and soot through complete oxidation by oxygen-atoms and radicals.
These active particles directly interact with ion-exchange resins and decomposed gases from those resins to pull hydrogens out of an alkyl group, and they oxidize hydro-carbons through cutting into c-c coupling.
So that, those resins are transformed into gases such as CO, CO2, H2O and the volume of them are reduced.
And, metallic ions such as CO sticking to exchange bases of resins are left as oxides in reduced remnants.
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The method to process abandoned ion-exchange resins by this decompression way has following advantages because that is at low temperature compared with burning.
・ It's possible to decrease the shift of radioactive nuclides into gas-phase.
・ It's possible to reduce the quantity of issued gas because this method is a direct oxidative process by oxygen-plasma.
In a demonstrative test-device, processing ion-exchange resins of 4L for three hours,
the ratio of reducing volume was about 90 % .
Then, supplying oxygen into the system at 50 L/min , the RF-plasma was realized under the condition at 450 Hz , 10 kW .
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And, a method to process abandoned ion-exchange resins by oxygen-thermal plasma under atomospheric pressure also is being considered to increase the speed of processing.
It has been reported that abandoned ion-exchange resins were processed at 4 kg/h through the oxygen-plasma generated by a transition arc-discharge ( 42 kW ).
In this case, the mixture ratio of positive ion-exchange resins and negative ion-exchange resins was 50 : 50 .
This processing by plasma was carried out together with glasses of 25 kg ( Na2O - Al2O3 - 2SiO2 ) to trap radioactive nuclides sticking to ion-exchange resins.
In this method to process, ion-exchange resins are supplied from the upper part of the system and they are dropped into the glass molten through arc-discharge.
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And, a comparison of batch-processing with continuous processing has been carried out.
Batch-processing is a method to process ion-exchange resins put in a melting pot by an arc-discharge of 24 kW.
In this case, ion-exchange resins of 100 cm＾3 were processed, the ratio of reduced volume of 65 % on positive ion-exchange resins ( IRN 77 ) and the ratio of reduced volume of 90 % on negative ion-exchange resins ( IRN 78 ) were obtained respectively.
The condition of continuous processing was set up same as that of batch processing, IRN 77 was processed at 200 g/min , IRN 78 was processed at 63 g/min respectively.
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The ratio of reduced volume in this case didn't depend on the speed to supply ion-exchange resins so much.
That ( the ratio of reduced volume ) of IRN 77 was equal to about 60 % , and that of IRN 78 was equal to about 90 % .
This result was approximately equal to that of batch processing.
But, as the heating of batch processing can't be uniform, it's hard to control issued gases in this case.
Meanwhile, in the case of continuous processing, it's comparatively easy to control the composition of issued gas.
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As the method to process abandoned ion-exchange resins by thermal plasma is basically a kind of burning process by oxygen in plasma, oxygen or air is used as a plasma-gas for processing.
※ When using air, we should pay attention to the generation of NOx .
And, as COs sticking to ion-exchange resins are roughly gathered up to resins after processing, they are not shifted into gas-phase almostly.
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The method to process ion-exchange resins under atmospheric pressure with blowing oxygen into plasma-jet also is being considered ( about 2011 ).
As time for processing goes, the weight of resins substantially decreases.
So, the ratio of reduced mass of 90 〜 95 % can be obtained for about 20 〜 40 minutes on the process.
And, from the result of infrared absorption spectrum, it has been confirmed that strong acid ion-exchange resin has a character that as time goes, the peak on sulfonic acid group decreases and that peak completely vanishes by the processing of 20 minutes.
Furthermore, it also has been confirmed that CO sticking to ion-exchange resin is divided into CO 0 and CO3O4 , Cs turns to be Cs2SO4 .
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4.3 The Decomposition of PCB
The process to decompose PCB in oxidative mode with oxygen plasma or air plasma is being considered ( about 2011 ).
For example, a system to process liquid wastes by plasma-jet has been realized to load on a heavy-duty trailer.
※ PCB can be decomposed with supplying PCB into a plasma-jet of 327 kW at 0.4 kg/min through this method.
And, in the PLASCON-system stated previously, a plant to process PCB by blowing PCB itself together with oxygen into the system has been completed.
This PLASCON-system can process PCB at 40 〜 50 kg/h by reacting oil including PCB with oxygen through the DC-plasma jet of 150 kW .
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Weakquakes had occurred on both ends of Japan within a short time just before a large-scale earthquake happened in Italy at the beginning of April of 2009 .
Then, it also was pointed out that there are non-local correlations on tectonic movements of the earth.
※ Some told that the case in Italy might be related to heliacal neutrinos or neutrino-beams.
By the way, the same as situations in other countries, large quantities of untreated radioactive wastes are still kept to be buried under ground of this country too.
And, a neutrino-detector called SK is put under the area neighboring to Hida.
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5. The separation of matters by reactive thermal plasma
5.1 The separation of matters by hydric plasma
The 'high chemical activation' possessed by thermal plasma is suitable for the separation of components from mixture.
Generally, hydrogen is used for the reaction of high chemical active plasma.
And, hydrogen is used as a plasma-gas for arc-melting too.
Then, hydrogen is effective for refinements such as the devaporization from molten metals, the separation-removal of impurities.
Deacidifying, decarbonization and denitrogenization from molten steels, deacidifying, decarbonization from Ta and the refinement of Mo from molybdenum mineral deposites are being studied as processes to refine metals with the high chemical activation of hydrogen in thermo-plasma ( about 2011 ).
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The withdrawing of Ta from a scrap of abandoned Ta-condensers is known as an application of hydric plasma to waste-disposal.
As Ta-condensers inserted into computers contain manganese and oxygen, efficient processes to deoxidize, de-manganize are needed to reuse them.
In particular, as Ta is one of the uneven distributed resources, an used Ta-condenser can be a precious secondary resource of Ta .
It has been realized to reduce concentrations of nitrogen, Fe, Ni as well as oxygen, Mn as impurities into about 100 mass ppm with only single manufacturing process through arc-melting process by hydric plasma.
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The withdrawing of Zr from Zircoloy-scrap also has been carried out by hydric plasma.
Zr is utilized as Zircoloy to compose fuel-covering pipes of a nuclear reactor.
The scrap of large quantities of cutoffs and defective products which are generated in manufacturing of covering pipes also can be regarded as a secondary resource of Zr .
Zircoloy contains Fe, Sn, Ni, Cr, it has been attained to reduce Fe, Ni, Cr into 10 mass ppm and Sn into 100 mass ppm through arc-melting by hydric plasma ( about 2010 〜 2011 ).
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In these processes, hydrogens dissociated in a plasma play important roles to remove impurities from metals.
But, its concrete mechanisms have never been made clear ( at 2011 ) .
For example, Mimura and others explained that temporal loose couplings of Fe and H like clusters are formed, so that the separation of Fe from molybdenum mineral deposite can be effectively carried out through hydrogen.
And, as suggested in a process to manufacture superfine particles with hydric arc, the compulsory vaporization-model of dissociated hydrogens also is considered as one of the factors.
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This compulsory vaporizing action is a model that the generation of superfine particles is originated in reaction heat which is caused through recoupling-releasing processes of supersaturatively molten hydrogens in a liquid metal ( such as magma ).
Ohno and Uda asserted that speeds of vaporization for respective metals originated in this compulsory vaporizing action can be calculated out of a parameter Rp expressed with the following formula.
Rp ＝ ( − Δ H/L )・( nH2〈T〉／ nH2〈273K〉)
( 4 )
Then,
Δ H ; reactive heat to re-combine hydric atoms at temperature T
L ; latent heat to vaporize metals at T
nH2〈T〉; numerical density of hydric molecules at T
nH2〈273K〉; numerical density of hydric molecules at 273K
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In the process to manufacture superfine particles of inter-metallic compounds with hydric arc, it's possible to control the composition of generated superfine particles through hydrogens in the plasma.
The higher the concentration of hydrogens in the plasma becomes, the more the composition of Ti in superfine particles of intermetallic compounds which are generated from the mixture of raw materials ( such as Ti , Si ) put on the positive pole ( anode ) gets.
As the pressure of steam of Ti is equal to about 1/10 of that of Si , the quantity of evaporation of Ti must be promoted to synthesize superfine particles of intermetallic compounds of TiSi2 .
Namely, we can control the composition of generated superfine particles by the concentration of hydrogen in an arc.
In this case, same results can be derived from the combination of Mo & Si or V & Si .
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Accordingly, we have known that hydrogens contained in plasma play same role as a kind of catalyst to promote the evaporation of specific metals.
Considered causes are shown as follows.
( 1 ) Compulsory vaporizing actions by hydrogens dissociated in plasma
( 2 ) The increase of vaporized quantity because of thermal conductive ratio raised by hydrogens
( 3 ) The generation of intermediate products such as hydric-products
( 4 ) The change of activated quantity by hydrogens fusing into molten metal
The relation of the reactive parameter shown in formula ( 4 ) with the coefficient of separation derived from the composition of superfine particles has been made clear.
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The coefficient of separation of the arc with hydrogen of 20 % is far different from that with hydrogen of 50 % .
This implies that the mechanism to promote the vaporization through hydric-arc is not originated in ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) .
So, it can be supposed that the promotion of vaporizing specific metals through hydrogens in a plasma is originated in ( 3 ) or ( 4 ) .
However, because intermediate products such as hydrite-products composed of molten metals ( including magma ) and hydrogens in plasma are unstable, it's difficult to experimentally examine them.
And, it also is hard to calculate out the change on activated quantities of a molten metal by hydrogens.
※ Magma also can be often regarded as a kind of molten metal.
By the way, technologies to make underground-tunnels and to deeply dig strata to the mantle by melting rocks through direct-current plasma have been developed.
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5. The separation of matters by reactive thermal plasma
5.2 The separation of matters by chloric plasma
Hydrogens have mainly been used to cause plasma-reactions with applying 'high chemical activation' of thermal plasma until now ( about 2010 〜 2011 ) .
But, we have very few informations about plasma-reactions related to hydrogens such as thermo-dynamical data to realize such reactions ( for example, melting points, boiling points and steam-pressures of hydrogenated matters, etc ).
Therefore, it's difficult to theoretically study such processes.
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In the case of chlorines in thermal plasma, the same as that of hydrogens, peculiar reactions happen.
Following merits are contained in chemical reactions of plasma with chlorines.
( 1 ) It's easy to generate chlorides with high pressured steam. And, it's possible to carry out special separations.
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( 2 ) Values to describe material states of chlorides are very more than those of hydrogenated matters.
( 3 ) Chlorides are easier to analyze than hydrogenated matters because of its stability.
According to above merits, ways to separate matters from wastes with chloric plasma are useful to make clear mechanisms of the separation of matters.
Examples of separation of matters from metallic mixtures through chloric plasma are as follows.
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We carried out separations of KOVAR-alloys ( Fe ＝ 53, Co ＝ 17, Ni ＝ 29 mass % ) through argon-plasma, argon-chloric plasma, argon-chlorine-oxygen plasma.
Those results are shown here. In the case of argon-plasma ( 10 L/min ), evaporated components were about same as those of KOVAR-alloy.
Accordingly, this means that three kinds of metals were mutually very similar in character and its speeds of evaporation also were about equal mutually.
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In the case of argon-chloric plasma ( Ar ; 10 L/min , Cl 2 ; 0.25 L/min ), Fe selectively evaporates.
And, in the case of argon-chlorine-oxygen plasma, if the flux of oxygen is small, Fe selectively evaporates.
Meanwhile, if the flux of oxygen increases into 1.0 or 2.5 L/min , the evaporation of Fe is suppressed to generate oxides with low steam-pressure.
Furthermore, the concentration of Co in hume becomes higher to generate chlorides with high-pressured steam.
So, we can separate components of Fe or Co from Fe-Co-Ni alloys by chloric plasma.
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Changes on free-energy ( Gibbs ) were taken into account to study such selective mechanisms to separate.
The concept of change on free-energy by Gibbs can be applied to the selective evaporations of Fe in cases of argon-chloric plasma or argon-chlorine-oxygen plasma.
※ Especially, the latter case had a small-sized flux of oxygen.
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It's known that there are correlations between concentrations of elements in hume and changes on free-energy in chloric reactions of respective elements with chloric atoms, the bigger the changes on free-energy of chloric reactions get, the higher the concentrations of elements in hume become.
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Namely, the efficiency for separating components with chloric plasma depends on progressive situations on chloride reactions of respective components.
Material states of Fe, Co, Ni are very similar mutually. However, those changes on free-energy related to chloride reactions are different reciprocally.
So that, it's possible to separate those components from alloys.
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Accordingly, it's likely that a mechanism to selectively separate specific materials from other matters through chloric plasma is originated in the generation of chlorides from molten metals and chloric plasma.
So, it's probable that some mechanisms to separate specific materials from other matters and a special evaporating-mechanism by hydric plasma are 'not' originated in compulsory evaporating actions by hydrogens dissociated in plasma, the formation of temporal products such as hydrogenated matters is one of the main factors to cause such special mechanisms.
Tentatively, it's possible to reduce waste disposal-cost by properly using high chemical activations of thermal plasma and characters at high temperature.
※ An example ;
A way to replace wet-processes with acid, alkaline chemicals by dry-processes with thermo-plasma
( about 2011 )
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Furthermore, there are realizable processes with only thermo-plasma.
For example,
・ Thermal plasma is being used to melt flying dusts generated from burnt urban garbages.
・ A method to process urban garbages containing a set of burnt／melted dusts.
・ The decomposition of respective gases used in processes to manufacture semiconductors. The process for removing gases with reactive thermal plasma is effective in decomposition.
・ Reactive thermal plasma is effective to completely decompose SF6 used in large quantities for circuit breaker.
From a writing by Takayuki.Watanabe ( majoring in chemical environmental science in a graduate course of the department of synthetic science & engineering of Tokyo Kougyo university ).
By the way, it also has been known that specific kinds of natural plants such as sunflower are effective to clarify radioactive ground.
It's reported that 'magnetic monopole beams' generated from the following topo-logical circuit can control decays of radioactive nuclides.
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Ways to dispose of abandoned ion-exchange resins with thermal plasma are shown here.
In fact, it's possible to experimentally demonstrate an interesting phenomenon with superpositions of wet negative ion-exchange films and wet positive ion-exchange films.
The demonstration is as follows.
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Some magazine carried an article about the so-called 'perpetual pump' invented by Tsuyoshi.Iai ( 1990 ).
The summary of the article is as follows.
「・・・ Superposing a wet positive ionic exchange film on a wet negative ionic exchange film, irregular Brownian motions of water molecules are spontaneously arranged around the junction part.
And, water moves from the side of positive ionic exchange film ( 〈+〉) to the negative ionic exchange film ( 〈−〉) .
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In this case, we used a film with smoothed surface as an exchange film, put in order to be 〈filter paper〉ー 〈 ＋ 〉ー 〈 − 〉ー 〈filter paper〉, this order is 'sandwiched' with two smoothed sheets and the 'sandwich' is pressed down.
Under such a simple structure, water oozed out of around the latter filter paper.
We could obtain a 'perpetual pump' by gathering oozed waters and leading them into a glass tube.
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>>218
The same thickness as a hair is enough to make a passage from a filter paper to a glass tube, meanwhile we have to prepare the mechanism so as not to leak water on the way of passage.
Then, in the picture of the magazine, the passage of the pump is composed in order to be 〈filter paper〉ー〈+〉ー〈−〉ー〈filter paper〉ー〈+〉ー〈−〉ー〈filter paper〉・・・, its surround is congealed with epoxy resins.
More than 10 years have passed since manufacturing the pump, but the pump is drawing water still more ( in the beginning of the 1990's ).
Accordingly, it has been confirmed that the second law of thermodynamics is wrong. ・・・」
(→ 〝Maxwell's demon″ )
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>>219
A chief of some section of the National Science Museum ( K.Aoki ) also received the pump and told as follows.
「This device is so simple, ion-exchange films are only stuck on the way of the lower part of C-type glass tube, the device doesn't have other mechanisms.
But, surely, waterdrops are coming through the sheet every ten and several minutes, although more than one month have passed after receiving the device, such a situation is constantly continuing.
The inventor explained 'random motions of water-molecules are arranged in specific directions by ion-exchange films stuck on the lower part of C-type glass tube forming a circuit of water' .
But, I can't sufficiently understand of that.
I don't believe in perpetual motion and don't think that this device is a perpetual motion.
However, at present, I have never been able to rationally explain of this phenomenon.」
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>>220
We have heard that the principle same as this case can be applied to an electric current according to Iai's private messages.
「・・・ Even if a circuit is made of a circular wire, an electric current doesn't run through the circuit.
But, even in this situation, electrons are not stationary, some electrons move to the right and other electrons move to the left due to diffusion.
Merely, it seems that electric currents don't run through the circuit because of the balance of both electrons.
Then, inserting an asymmetric component ( for example, thermo-coupling. However, as a heating process is added to this component, this can't be a perpetual cell ) into this circuit to break down the balance, an electric current is spontaneously generated. ・・・」
※ It's significant to insert (≒ immerse) an asymmetric element into the circuit for breaking down balance or symmetry (→ structures far from equilibrium, symmetry-breaking including ground-figure switch).
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>>221
Furthermore,
「・・・ We have been able to find out a proper component for the circuit.
The 'perpetual pump' is a mere demonstrative model, meanwhile various practical ways applying its principle to electronics can be presented.
So, actually, it's being continued to improve the mechanism so as to semi-permanently extend its lifespan in comparison with batteries on the market. ・・・」
By the way, it's very difficult to find out detailed informations of his projects on the internet for now.
It seems that this person engaged in studying functions of sheet-structure in aeromechanics.
This topic reminds us of followings.
・ An universe is getting like a pair of sheets ( or a pair of shears, a pair of homeo-morphisms ) according to Ummite's documents.
・ The word 'Lam' ( this word means way or path in Tibetan Buddhism ) implies a feature of the universe as a laminated (≒ membraned) structure immersing us.
一
We should pay attention to mushroom clouds found out in two regions of the earth ( one in Russia, another in Argentina ).
「Massive 'Atomic Bomb' Cloud was Spotted over Argentina」 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUe_MSFdSGI
But, САМОЕ САМОЕ В МИРЕ! ( ТОП-5, ТОП-10 ) also is one of the channels dealing with only excessive creepy and erotic jokes.
Accordingly, we should refer to the channel with bearing it in mind.
>>173
＞ ヴァージニア州 アーリントン ( nl ; 38°52'15.87 , wl ; 77°03'21.49 )
Another Pentagon is located in Hakodate of Hokkaido in Japan ( nl ; 41°46'7.2 , el ; 140°43'44.1 ).
Surely, most of the conspiracy theories are interpreted as information-operations for misleading.
St.Germain is one of the most famous mysterious persons ( or time-travelers ).
I've heard that he visited Japan in 1984.
一
If the lobe is actually torn off, what do they get to do ?
By the way, there is a ghost story entitled 「Hoichi the Earless」re-discovered by Yagumo.Koizumi ( Lafcadio.Hearn , 1850 〜 1904 ) in Japan.
>>87-88
＞ it's not proper to analyze aging process of human bone with rodents ( we should use tissues of larger-sized animals such as rabbit, dog, monkey to make clear such aging mechanisms more precisely ).
＞ 3 Neuron-Silicon Circuits
＞ Neurons identified from invertebrates are preferred in these experiments
＞ Because, those neurons form strong neuro-electronic junctions
＞ small neuronal networks have a distinct bio-logical function in invertebrates
＞ they may be re-constituted on a chip
Red blood cells are mainly produced in a bone marrow.
In general, the color of the blood of vertebrates ( fishes, amphibia, reptilia, birds, mammalia including primates ) is red, because a protein called heme constituting hemoglobin contained in red blood cell is red in color.
Meanwhile, the color of the blood of invertebrates is not red, because hemocyanin ( a kind of respiratory pigment ) contained in the blood of invertebrates isn't red in color.
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>>244
I emphasized that red blood cells are produced in a bone marrow, differences between invertebrate and vertebrate in character such as behaviors of derived neurons on a semiconductor chip (≒ substrate), the color of the blood.
In particular, as specific proteins can be regarded as 'organic semiconductors' , 3-dimensional topological fruits can be applied to understanding of stereoscopic structures of proteins, we should pay attention to above points.
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>>244-245
It's meaningful in engineering that neurons taken out from invertebrates form strong neuro-electronic junctions.
The same as that, if we search for 「horseshoe crab blue blood」, we can find out that bloods taken out from horseshoe crabs are precious as medical chemicals.
>>242
＞ 「САМОЕ ИНТЕРЕСНОЕ НА КАНАЛЕ // ТАИНСТВЕННЫЕ ОТКРЫТИЯ」
Probably, as the producer has always made only too nonsense stories, at last a female viewer has got so angry.
This one apparently shows such a situation.
But, actually, this short motion picture indirectly means that USA found out that troublesome something for the human race on the earth to handle ( likened to a monster ) existed in the moon.
>>247
＞ USA found out that troublesome something for the human race on the earth to handle ( likened to a monster ) existed in the moon
※ A worm-hole is a kind of handle.
Troublesome features of the moon for the human race on the earth are as follows.
・ A colony of alien civilization
・ An artificial satellite to monitor situations of the earth
・ The Void-of-Course Moon ( https://cafeastrology.com/timingwiththemoon.html )
According to some mystics including John.Dee and G.I.Gurdjieff,
it's told that after the death, the soul of a human being who had spent one's life with kaleidoscopically varying emotions and impulses would be immediately absorbed into the astral light of the moon.
Namely, everybody can't experience re-incarnation with no conditions.
In this case, the astral light of the moon assimilating a soul of an impulsive human being corresponds to the monster from id which appears in a movie entitled 『Forbidden Planet』.
※ According to psychoanalysis, it's told that a self is roughly divided into ego, meta-ego and id.
This id bears disordered behaviors of e-motions and random impulses.
In the sense, this id is nearer to imaginary dimension of complex number valued dimension than 「complex k-dimension ＝ real 2k-dimension」asserted by mathematicians.
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「Astral Traveling Intruders and Coupling ( by assimilation ) 1-3」 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8LOcol6ktk
Is this a tele-pathic experiment ? This woman is rather shamanic.
Somehow, 怪談 meaning 'story of ghost(-writer)' is pronounced 「kwaidan」rather than 「kaidan」in English.
Provisionally, it's not irrelevant to call me Kaochi getting lost the sense of equilibrium, smooth movements of vocal cord and esophagus due to degeneration of cerebellum, spinal cord and brainstem ( somewhat long ) following the above naming.
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There is a mentioning 'oni-no-kubi wo totta yo-ni (鬼の首を取ったように)' in Japanese.
In this case, as oni-no-kubi (鬼の首 ＝ the head of the demon) is a metaphor to imply a very precious and rare something or an extreme and remarkable achievement, it means that some person behaves proudly as if the person wins a remarkable something as rare as the head of the demon.
To show the 'Penrose Triangle' which is impossible to construct in R＾3 like the following may be same as winning the head of the demon.
>>252
By the way, a degenerated angel called 'Beelzebub' is told to be the ring-leader of all demons (≒ scotomas, blind spots and shadows in psycho-analytic meaning).
※ Namely, Momi-taro ripens oneself into an adult by overcoming demons namely own shadowy or negative features.
