◦ Quantum Computing with Superconductors
2. Computing with Qubits
Very interestingly, it’s possible to much faster solve some problems which is practically troublesome with classical algorithms with using quantum computation.
For example, factorization of large numbers is the best instance to show effectiveness of a quantum algorithm proposed by P.Shor.
Shor showed that exponential steps are needed for factorization of large numbers through classical computers, meanwhile only polynomial steps are required for solving such a problem with quantum computers.
>>87
〈 Production of bone-model and calculation of quantity in deformation 〉
Images are caught through a 3D-CT from both sides, a bone-model is produced on drawn DICOM data.
Then, a model in a pathological side is superposed on a mirrored image in a healthy side at a proximal position and a distal position respectively.
〈 Simulation of correction on deformation 〉
Osteotomy is applied to a proper part of a pathological model near to a center in deformation.
And, a deformed model is corrected so as to overlap it on a healthy mirrored model to produce an osteo-model after correcting.
>>88
〈 Design for a customized implant 〉
A basic concept to put a locking plate on a hand for fracture on the distal end of a radial bone is as follows.
A custom-made component for bone-joining covered with a smooth surface has a locking mechanism, the component is designed so as to fit it to a bone-model after correcting with following procedures.
・ To support a sub-chondral bone by distal locking pins.
・ To put a plate within the watershed line not to give damages on a flexor tendon.
>>89
And, the positional direction into which a screw is put determined on a computer is concretized through a custom-made template.
Next, the custom-made component for bone-joining is put so as to fit it to the actual skeletal shape with locking the screw with the plate.
So that, it’s possible to perform a reduction and a fixation at the same time.
>>90
〈 Conclusion 〉
In many cases of correcting osteotomy with computer simulation developed by us in the past,
it’s needed to apply bending to a plate in fixing after reduction.
But, it’s possible to not only perform a reduction and a fixation at the same time but also go on a surgery smoothly with a customized implant for bone-joining.
>>73
＞ These detailed procedures are explained in an other section
From 「Notes on artificial medical materials」,
3.5.1 Customized Artificial Hip Joint
3.5.1.1 Customized artificial hip-joint
An artificial hip joint is mainly composed of an acetabular component, a femoral component and an acetabular insert & a femoral caput constituting a rubbing interface.
Metallic implants are mainly used for acetabular・femoral components, two methods ※ are mainly adopted to fix an implant on osseous tissues.
※ One is a method with surgical cement, another is a method for fixation without surgical cement.
Age, individual pathological conditions, osteo-characteristic states are taken into consideration to determine an applied method of them.
>>92
At present ( about 2013 ), surgeries with artificial hip joints are tending to be performed with cementless artificial hip joints.
But, if a fixation of an implant on osseous tissues fails, such a failure gives bad influences on stability over a long period.
Therefore, a fixation of an implant on osseous tissues is very important.
一
>>93
Factors which affect an initial fixation of an artificial hip joint and its stability over a long period are roughly classified into ( 1 ) the side of implant and ( 2 ) the side of living body as follows.
( 1 ) the surfacial condition of an implant, designs for implant, rubbing surface ( generations of abrasive powders ), etc.
( 2 ) sex, age, physical constitution including weight & body mass index, osteo-quality, extent of activity, etc.
с
>>94
Furthermore, designs for cementless artificial femoral component were classified as follows by Khanuja and others.
① single wedge
② double wedge
③ tapered
④ cylindrical fully coated
⑤ modular
⑥ anatomical
A most fitting part for the shape of the applied femoral medullary cavity is usually chosen from various ready-made implants in size to use a femoral component.
>>95
Especially, Japanese women suffering from hip joint disease tend to experience secondary osteo-arthritis of hip following acetabular dysplasias.
Besides, we must take remarkable individual differences in shape of thigh-bone into consideration.
а
>>96
Accordingly, to acquire an ideal fitting & filling condition, we need to optionally prepare a femoral component as a modular system interlocking the proximal part of a thigh-bone with its distal part and a customized stem fitting for each individual shape of thigh-bone.
In particular, as a customized stem is designed with bearing the optimal fitting for a femoral medullary cavity in mind, it’s regarded as the ultimate anatomical component.
>>97
3.5.1.2 Clinical results in customized artificial hip-joint
First, customized stems suitable to individual pathological conditions in a femoral side had been developed.
But, as mismatches between surfacial conditions of used customized stems and individual cases appeared in many cases at that time, only poor clinical results were obtained in customized artificial hip-joint.
一
>>98
An implant made of titanic alloy produced by molding a shape of a femoral medullary cavity during a surgery was introduced to the clinical field in 1989 .
As this implant as an anatomical stem had a 3-dimensional curve, it fitted to a femoral medullary cavity, good clinical results were obtained in fitting and filling.
But, such an implant often failed in initial fixation due to its smooth surfacial condition, so that a non-infectious loosening was caused within a short term after a surgery in many cases.
с
>>99
And, an other type customized stem has been produced on CT-imaging data through CAD and CAM .
Lateral sides of this stem were curved, titanic wire mesh pads were put on the frontal side and the back side of the proximal position of the stem and in the inside of it.
But, in this case, as those pads were not all-circumferential, dissociation between pads and a stem after formation of osseous tissues on pads was often reported as a serious problem.
Consequently, non-infectious loosenings were frequently caused in such cases too.
а
>>100
There were few reports of customized stem in the first half of the 1990’s .
Meanwhile, in the latter half of the 1990’s , customized stems having various surfacial conditions such as blasting, a coating on the proximal position of a stem with plasma-spraying, a coating with hydroxyapatite, etc were introduced into clinical fields,
comparatively good clinical results over a short and a middle term also were reported.
>>101
Furthermore, a length of stem was remarkably shortened to be to a higher order position of a lesser trochanter for keeping osseous tissues.
So that, partial good results over a middle term also were reported.
But, even if a length of stem was remarkably shortened, bone-atrophy caused around the proximal position of a thigh-bone due to stress-shielding has never been completely overcome ( in 2013 ).
к
>>102
3.5.1-3 Ways to produce a customized stem
〈 Determination of a gesign for an implant 〉
Usually, each sectional figure of an implant for each axial section is determined on data of a thigh-bone drawn through helical CT , the 3D figure is designed with CAD / CAM -system.
Though stems produced on X-ray images rather than CT also have been reported, it’s insufficient to 3-dimensionally produce an implant with such ways.
Next, we check whether the produced implant can be just put in the femoral medullary cavity or not through simulations on a computer.
And finally, the design for the implant is determined.
>>103
〈 Parameters to design a customized stem 〉
Following respective factors are taken into consideration to prepare an implant suitable to each individual pathological condition.
・ stem-length
・ offset
・ neck-shaft angle
・ neck-cut angle
・ bowing around a lateral side
・ a range of proximal coating
Then, we need to sufficiently check the risks of breakdown of stem through stress analysis.
>>104
〈 Production of a customized stem 〉
Here, we pay attention to a layering molding method with powdered Ti-6Al-4V alloys through electron-beams of some ways to produce this component.
First, powdered alloys are melted by applying an electron-beam to them,
next, those melted alloys are solidified through cooling.
And, a stem is produced through such an alternate repetition of melting and solidification according to a drawn 3D CAD model.
According to many reports, we also heard that most of the hopeless alcoholics and the chaps habitually presenting e×treme erotic advertisements and vulgar ones would fight against the world as their enemies from now.
Indeed, we also heard that the people habitually and intentionally making annoying and noisy sounds with vehicles in Japan also would fight against the world as their enemies.
а
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable advertisements such as unreliable ones dealing with defective products and fakes like in this site would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable ones dealing with defective products & fakes on the net also would be conveyed to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and advertisements of unreliable products on the net also would fight against the world as their enemies.
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and advertisements of unreliable products on the net also would fight against the world as their enemies.
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and advertisements of unreliable products on the net also would fight against the world as their enemies.
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and advertisements of unreliable products on the net also would fight against the world as their enemies.
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and advertisements of unreliable products on the net also would fight against the world as their enemies.
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and advertisements of unreliable products on the net also would fight against the world as their enemies.
Besides, according to many reliable informations, it’s highly probable that the people habitually presenting undesirable advertisements on the net would be transferred to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
Besides, according to many reliable informations, it’s highly probable that the people habitually presenting undesirable advertisements on the net would be transferred to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
Besides, according to many reliable informations, it’s highly probable that the people habitually presenting undesirable advertisements on the net would be transferred to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
Besides, according to many reliable informations, it’s highly probable that the people habitually presenting undesirable advertisements on the net would be transferred to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
Besides, according to many reliable informations, it’s highly probable that the people habitually presenting undesirable advertisements on the net would be transferred to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
Besides, according to many reliable informations, it’s highly probable that the people habitually presenting undesirable advertisements on the net would be transferred to purgatories owing to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
>>110 〜 >>144
We also heard that the people habitually presenting undesirable contents such as e×tremely erotic & vulgar contents and unreliable advertisements dealing with fakes on the net and intentionally making various harassments including auditory harassments would fight against the world as their enemies, and they would be transferred to ‘purgatories’ due to the judgment by the king of Enma (閻魔).
