ラーム博士の治療は一種の「化学的去勢」に近いが、心理療法でペドフィリアを治療する考え方もある。英国の組織「StopSO（STOP Sexual Offending）」ではペドフィリアに心理療法を行い、犯罪から遠ざけようとしている。「StopSO」の代表によると、ペドフィリアの原因は「ストレス、結婚や成人パートナーと接触出来ない等の問題」だと言う。そしてそれらの問題を取り除くには、心理療法が最適だと断言する。
男女の「絡み」も親密すぎるものは御法度。「Rock and Roll Love」の主人公、ミサコとジャメインのキスシーンを描くときも、男の子のキャラクターの手の位置に気を遣いました。キスより先、つまり、ベッドに横たわって見つめ合ったり、女の子の胸の位置に男の子が手を置くーーなんて完全にアウト。ケンカで相手の胸ぐらをつかむシーンなんて、もってのほか！それこそ編集者に殴られてしまいそうです。
批判を鵜呑みにし続ける現状に未来はない、地獄へと突き進み始めたゲーム業界
Blizzardの対応に見る危険な表現への規制。
By BIG_MON on 2016.04.03 http://damonge.com/p=16208
■ゲーム業界を蝕む社会正義の声
ここ最近、ゲームにおける女性キャラクターの表現について糾弾する意見が声高に叫ばれ、クリエイターに対する圧力として世界中のゲーム関係者を蝕みつつある。
Dead or Alive Xtreme 3は欧米での販売を中止する方針を発表し、ストリートファイターVはバッシングによって表現を修正することとなった。いずれも欧米で巻き起こっているラディカル・フェミニズム旋風(Third-wave feminism)に関連したゲーム企業側の対応だ。
この運動は「ゲームが女性蔑視を拡大している」との主張を元に展開され、今や世界的な大企業さえその声を無視できない。それを象徴する事件がBlizzardの例だろう。
A new long-term study into violent media in the US could help settle the long-standing argument of whether or not violent films and video games are to blame for violence in society.
The research, led by psychologist Christopher Ferguson and published in the Journal of Communication, not only found that there was no link between violent media and behaviour but also questioned the methodology of previous studies suggesting the two were related.
Ferguson and his team point out that many laboratory-based studies into the effect of media violence have measured aggression in test subjects through “less aggressive outcomes ranging from filling in the missing letters of words through delivering nonpainful noise bursts to a consenting opponent.”
The study points out that these studies also commonly “provide exposure to brief clips of media, rather than full narrative experiences” and that “the resultant aggressive behaviors are also outside a real-world context in which the aggression appears to be sanctioned by the researchers themselves.”
In the first of two historical studies the researchers examined the correlation of violent films and societal violence, analysing the frequency of violent acts in the top-grossing titles between 1920 and 2005.
The study notes that film violence followed “a rough U pattern” during this time period, but that societal violence fluctuated differently, with the latter half of the 20th century even showing an increase in film violence “associated with reduced societal violence”.
A second study into video game violence used data from the Entertainment Software Ratings Board (ESRB) to estimate the violent content of popular games from 1996 to 2011. This was then compared with data on youth violence during the same years, with the study finding a correlation between falling youth violence and the popularity of violent games.
During this time period “youth violence dropped precipitously”, the researchers write, “despite maintaining very high levels of media violence in society with the introduction of videogames.”
In a press statement Ferguson notes that the media narrative surrounding violent video games and youth violence may be due to the “limited amount of resources and attention” that society can devote to “the problem of reducing crime”.
He adds, however, that if the wrong problem is identified, it may "distract society from more pressing concerns such as poverty, education and vocational disparities and mental health."
Ferguson writes: "This research may help society focus on issues that really matter and avoid devoting unnecessary resources to the pursuit of moral agendas with little practical value."
レイプ被害が大きな問題となっている私の大学では、性的暴行防止キャンペーンやデモ、集会などがよく開かれています。昨日も、「Take Back The Night-Eugene」という大規模な集会がキャンパス内で行われており、その後は街中でデモ行進が行われました。
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集会中に配られたビラ
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参加者がデモ中に叫ぶことばが記載されたカード
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2015年、マキニス准教授とハドソン教授は信仰深い州とインターネット上のアダルトコンテンツ利用との間に同様の相関関係があることを発見した。研究グループは、多くの人々が自分をとても信仰深いと考えて信仰は生活にとって大切なものだとみなしている州を「信仰深い州」だと定義した。研究グループは、この「信仰深い州」の方が Google で性的なコンテンツを検索する人たちが多いことを発見した。
英国に拠点を置く研究者のグループが行った調査研究は、「Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children」（親と子どもに関するエイヴォン長期研究）の研究対象となった1,800人の子どもたちに関して行われたものだ（1991年から92年にかけて生まれた1万4,000人の子どもたちに関して、8歳〜9歳のときに2,400人にアンケート調査を行い、その後15歳になったときに5,000人に調査を行った。8歳〜9歳と15歳の両方の調査で答えた人数が1,800人になる）。
Republican delegates unanimously adopted an amendment to their draft platform Monday morning that called pornography “a public health crisis” and a “public menace” that is destroying lives.
The language went further in its condemnation of porn than the 2012 GOP platform, which condemned child pornography and encouraged the enforcement of obscenity and pornography laws.
“Pornography, with his harmful effects, especially on children, has become a public health crisis that is destroying the life of millions. We encourage states to continue to fight this public menace and pledge our commitment to children’s safety and wellbeing,” the amendment stated.
Mary Forrester, a delegate from North Carolina, offered the amendment during the Republican National Convention subcommittee meeting on healthcare, education and crime. The full body votes on the platform changes Monday and Tuesday.
Before the amendment, the platform’s section on porn read that the Internet must not become “a safe haven” for sex offenders. The section encouraged the “energetic prosecution of child pornography.”
In an interview with Yahoo News after the meeting, Forrester said she worked on the amendment with the conservative Christian group Concerned Women for America. She said she was worried young people became addicted to porn. “It’s such an insidious epidemic and there are no rules for our children,” Forrester said. “It seems to be for young people, they do not have the discernment and so they become addicted before they have the maturity to understand the consequences.”
The condemnation of porn was just one of the ways the GOP platform became more socially conservative during the subcommittee meeting. The draft platform blasted the “dangerous” Obama administration directive to schools to allow transgender students to use restrooms and locker rooms that correspond to their gender identity. It also called on the Supreme Court to overturn its decision last year finding a constitutional right to same-sex marriage. The platform also declared that marriage is between a man and a woman.
A group of delegates, led by GOP donor Paul Singer adviser Annie Dickerson, fought to temper the platform’s language on LGBT rights, but failed.
Donald Trump has maintained distance from the LGBT rights battle going on in his own party, and has showed little interest in getting embroiled in the social conservative issues that have dominated the GOP in the past. Nevertheless, Trump has also reportedly signaled that he’ll accept the GOP party platform, which about a hundred delegates are amending Monday and Tuesday in several conference rooms in Cleveland ahead of next week’s full convention.
In 2013, Canadian border agents intercepted a suspicious package coming from Japan that was addressed to a residence in Newfoundland. That package contained a life-like sex doll. But it wasn't a typical sex doll?it resembled a small child.
The recipient of that package, Kenneth Harrisson, was arrested and charged with possessing child pornography and mailing obscene matter. He has pleaded not guilty and is now preparing to stand trial in St. John's this spring. Harrisson could face up to seven years in prison if found guilty.
Under Canada's Criminal Code Section 163.1, a child sex doll constitutes child pornography; a real child does not technically need to be portrayed for the definition of child pornography to be met.
"Incidents of this nature can be considered criminal," Sergeant Colin McNeil, a spokesperson for the Newfoundland police force, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, told VICE. McNeil said he could not speak in further detail about the case while it's before the courts.
Harrisson has only been charged in relation to the sex doll, and his lawyer, Bob Buckingham, says he does not have a previous criminal record.
There are several instances of cases in Canada where individuals have been arrested and charged for possessing cartoon or anime pornography depicting children. It appears many of these materials are coming from Asia, and particularly Japan, where child pornography was just recently banned in 2014. Animated child porn, though, is still legal there.
Harrisson's case with a sex doll, however, is somewhat unprecedented. The law says that the definition of child pornography is met when a, "A photographic, film, video or other visual representation, whether or not it was made by electronic or mechanical means, [that] (i) shows a person who is or is depicted as being under the age of eighteen years and is engaged in or is depicted as engaged in explicit sexual activity, or (ii) the dominant characteristic of which is the depiction, for a sexual purpose, of a sexual organ or the anal region of a person under the age of eighteen years."
Under such a sweeping designation of child pornography, it's pretty obvious how Harrisson's child sex doll would be included: it is technically a "visual representation," of someone under 18 years of age, "made by mechanical means," whose dominant characteristic is "for a sexual purpose."
Harrisson's case marks the first-known time in Atlantic Canada that child pornography charges have extended beyond drawings, literature, or digital representations?something that has surprised law enforcement, criminologists, psychologists, lawyers, and media across the country.
"I had never come across an item such as that myself in my own experience and subsequently, I haven't seen anything similar," said Daryl Hooper, a Canada Border Services Agency investigator who was involved in the case's investigation and who has been working for the agency for roughly 25 years.
At a press conference after Harrisson's arrest, authorities described the child-like doll as being made of foam, dressed in a school uniform, and standing at a height of 4'2. It included "accessories that would be used for sexual gratification purposes," they said. It's unclear which sex the doll represented.
"What is interesting about the case is that past case law on child pornography and obscenity in Canada has primarily focused on visual, audiovisual, or written representations?that is, on images or stories rather than on three-dimensional objects," Anita Lam, a criminology professor at York University, told VICE.
As the courts prepare to tackle the sex doll case, Harrisson's trial contains larger implications on legal, moral and scientific levels. The most prominent question being raised is whether having a child sex doll automatically makes the owner a pedophile.
Experts that study pedophilia aren't so sure.
"Some people remain of the belief that giving into one's sexual fantasy make a person more into whatever it is they're into; that somehow masturbating to an image of a child is what makes a person into a pedophile," said Dr. James Cantor, a pedophilia expert and University of Toronto-based researcher who specializes in the neuroscience of sex.
Essentially, according to Cantor, not all pedophiles are technically child molesters, and conversely, not all child pornography users are pedophiles or child molesters, either.
"People are uncomfortable with [the idea of a child sex doll] because they think it might cause a person to become pedophilic, but there's no evidence [to suggest that]," Cantor added, likening the government's case against Harrisson to "witch-hunting," and something of a thought crime.
The American Psychiatric Association has included pedophilia in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders since 1968. Although most medical definitions of pedophilia define it as a disorder pertaining to a sustained sexual interest in children, some researchers think there's an ambiguous grey area as to whether a person is actually a pedophile if they have not actually acted out their desires.
According to the Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, "Many in society are likely to equate pedophilia with child molestation...Viewing child pornography should not be considered a useful diagnostic indicator of a pedophilic disorder."
Cantor, the pedophilia expert, is adamant that Canadian lawmakers have jumped the gun on child pornography legislation, despite?or in spite of?a lack of research.
"In the instance of written fiction, drawings, or artistic works, computer renderings, or in this specific case?a three dimensional depiction?there is no victim, there is no person being harmed. It's just the idea that someone would find a picture of a child sexually arousing that's disturbing to people," said Cantor. "In free society we don't ban things because somebody finds it icky. We only ban it if there's actual potential harm on the line."
Cantor's voice is among a number of medical experts, criminologists, and legal professionals who, citing a lack of research, have labeled Canada's child pornography laws problematic and bordering on draconian.
"We shouldn't confuse the moral reaction that many people have to the idea of child pornography with the potential harm involved. No real children are involved in anime or other virtual content," said Dr. Michael Seto, a forensic psychologist specializing in pedophilic behavior, and who serves as the director of University of Ottawa's Institute of Mental Health Research's Forensic Research Unit.
Apart from somewhat outdated child pornography laws, the Harrisson trial also highlights the sheer lack of research that has been conducted on pedophilia. Because of Canada's strict laws, experts have absolutely no clue how pedophiles might react to virtual child pornography. It's not a well-funded field, nor a widely researched one?the topic is just too taboo to be taken seriously, even in many scientific or academic circles.
But there is an increasing need for study into the matter, especially when it comes to virtual technologies. Technology is vastly outpacing the law when it comes to things that could be considered virtual child pornography. Virtual reality technologiessuch as Oculus Rift are here, and artificially intelligent sex dolls nearly are, too. And it's reasonable to assume that child pornography manufacturers and child sex doll makers, like Japanese-based Trottla, are jumping on these technologies, as well.
"Research could help develop more effective laws," said Seto. "For example, if it were shown that access to virtual child pornography was a safe and the only viable outlet for many pedophiles, perhaps there could be a legal exemption for this kind of content. Or the law could focus on depictions of real children only, as in the US."
Seto said that his research aims to prevent the exploitation and sexual abuse of children. Despite this, Seto himself has even been accused of being a pedophile sympathizer.
"I think the taboo about pedophilia is so strong that people can be suspicious about why someone would want to study it," he said.
Seto and others may never be able to medically answer some of the questions Harrisson's case may raise, especially if they themselves are considered the boogeymen.
The University of Toronto clinical psychologist and sexologist, Cantor, also said people have baselessly insinuated that he himself is a pedophile, too, purely because of his research field. However, the clinical psychologist and sexologist is sympathetic to Harrisson's case, and others like his.
"I do not at all condone sexual abuse, but it is very easy to me to be sympathetic towards someone who, through no fault of his own, was saddled with a sexual interest he can't actualize, express, or tell even his closest friends or family," he described.
"He didn't ask for it, he can't do anything to change it, and it could have happened to any of us just as easily. How could I not sympathize?"
Complications in assigning a judge to Harrisson's trial in St. John's have delayed the matter, but his lawyer confirmed the case will be heard in the city's Provincial Court in late May.
First Starでは、事前面接と撮影当日、出演者に免許証やパスポートなど、顔写真つきの身分証明書を持参させ、それを撮影。さらに、顔の横に証明書を持った状態の写真も撮影している。出演承諾書などの書類にも、本名や生年月日などを記入してもらい保管するという。その書類を渡す場面などをすべて動画で撮影している。
一方で、さまざまな人種・民族の共存を意味する「アメリカは人種のるつぼ」（America is a melting pot）、「人類はひとつ」（There is only one race on this planet, the human race）も禁句とされた。これらの言葉は個々の人種・民族が培ってきた文化の軽視につながりかねないため、授業はもとより学生たちとの雑談においても使われるべきではないという。
New York Magazineの報道によるとCityBridgeはこれまで47万5,000人がサービスにサインアップし、2,100万回超の利用があったという。ネットへの接続環境を持たない数百万人の米国人のために、LinkNYCの活動は始動した。ニューヨーク市の2014年の調査によると、全世帯の27％は自宅にブロードバンド環境がなく、そのうち40％の学歴は高卒未満だった。また、34％は職についておらず、21％は18歳未満、45％は高齢者だった。
Lawrence Kutner氏とCheryl Olson氏の2人の心理学者は、暴力的なゲームをプレイすることはほとんどの子どもにとって、ストレス発散に過ぎないとの結論に達している。もちろん、暴力的なゲームを数時間プレイした後に遊び半分の攻撃性を見せた子どもも中にはいたが、武道アクション映画を観た後の子どもが見せる反応と同じレベルだった。
Kutner氏とOlson氏を含め、心理学者の中には、ビデオゲームは脳にポジティブな影響を与えると主張する動きがある。Steven Johnson氏も、自著「Everything Bad is Good for You: How Today's Popular Culture is Actually Making Us Smarter」（邦題：「ダメなものは、タメになる テレビやゲームは頭を良くしている」）の中で、この考え方を考察している。
英国に拠点を置く研究者のグループが行った調査研究は、「Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children」（親と子どもに関するエイヴォン長期研究）の研究対象となった1,800人の子どもたちに関して行われたものだ（1991年から92年にかけて生まれた1万4,000人の子どもたちに関して、8歳〜9歳のときに2,400人にアンケート調査を行い、その後15歳になったときに5,000人に調査を行った。8歳〜9歳と15歳の両方の調査で答えた人数が1,800人になる）。
