別のランキングは2004年からWorld University Rankings（世界の大学ランキング）として公表しているThe Times Higher Education Supplementがある。略称はThe Times Higher または THES。それはイギリスのタイムズが新聞の付録冊子として毎年秋に発行している高等教育情報誌。ここでも2010年、米ハーバード大学が１位。
World Rank/Institution*/Region/Regional Rank/Country/National Rank/Score on Alumni/Score on Award/Score on HiCi/Score on N&S/Score on PUB/Score on PCP/Total Score
1 Harvard University Americas 1 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 69.2 100.0
2 University of California, Berkeley Americas 2 2 67.6 79.3 69.0 70.9 70.6 54.2 72.4
3 Stanford University Americas 3 3 40.2 78.4 87.6 68.4 69.7 50.1 72.1
4 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Americas 4 4 70.5 80.3 66.8 70.1 61.4 64.5 71.4
5 University of Cambridge Europe 1 1 88.5 92.6 53.9 54.3 65.7 53.1 69.6
6 California Institute of Technology Americas 5 5 50.3 68.8 56.7 64.8 46.9 100.0 64.4
7 Princeton University Americas 6 6 56.4 84.8 61.1 43.3 44.3 65.5 60.8
8 Columbia University Americas 7 7 70.7 67.4 56.2 47.6 69.9 32.1 60.4
9 University of Chicago Americas 8 8 65.5 83.9 50.9 39.8 50.5 40.0 57.3
10 University of Oxford Europe 2 2 56.2 57.6 48.8 49.8 68.5 41.1 56.4
11 Yale University Americas 9 9 48.6 44.9 58.5 56.3 62.0 37.0 54.6
12 Cornell University Americas 10 10 42.3 51.1 54.3 49.9 59.5 38.1 52.6
13 University of California, Los Angeles Americas 11 11 27.2 42.6 56.9 49.2 75.1 31.2 52.2
14 University of California, San Diego Americas 12 12 15.1 35.8 60.2 54.6 65.1 37.9 50.0
15 University of Pennsylvania Americas 13 13 32.9 34.3 57.1 46.9 68.6 28.5 49.0
16 University of Washington Americas 14 14 24.4 31.7 53.9 51.6 72.5 28.1 48.7
17 University of Wisconsin - Madison Americas 15 15 36.5 35.4 51.9 40.2 66.1 25.7 46.4
18 The Johns Hopkins University Americas 16 16 43.6 32.1 42.0 49.4 64.0 27.2 46.0
18 University of California, San Francisco Americas 16 17 0.0 40.1 53.4 51.8 60.7 33.6 46.0
20 The University of Tokyo Asia/Pacific 1 1 33.3 14.1 42.0 52.0 80.4 34.5 45.9
21 University College London Europe 3 3 32.9 32.1 39.4 44.6 67.0 31.6 44.4
22 University of Michigan - Ann Arbor Americas 18 18 36.5 0.0 59.8 43.4 79.8 26.3 44.2
23 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Europe 4 1 34.1 36.1 36.3 43.6 53.6 47.1 43.4
24 Kyoto University Asia/Pacific 2 2 33.7 34.7 38.1 36.0 67.6 31.0 43.1
25 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Americas 19 19 35.4 36.5 42.6 37.1 58.6 27.8 42.6
26 The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine Europe 5 4 17.7 37.2 41.4 36.9 62.3 33.0 41.9
27 University of Toronto Americas 20 1 23.8 19.2 38.8 38.3 80.3 27.9 41.8
28 University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Americas 21 20 30.6 16.2 50.4 36.1 66.6 23.9 40.6
29 Northwestern University Americas 22 21 18.5 18.9 48.3 35.9 59.7 28.4 38.4
30 Washington University in St. Louis Americas 23 22 21.3 25.9 38.8 41.0 54.8 26.7 38.1
31 New York University Americas 24 23 32.4 24.4 40.7 36.2 54.4 22.4 37.8
32 University of California, Santa Barbara Americas 25 24 16.0 35.1 42.0 33.3 42.6 37.3 37.1
32 University of Colorado at Boulder Americas 25 24 14.1 30.7 38.8 41.7 44.7 33.5 37.1
34 Rockefeller University Americas 27 26 19.2 58.4 28.8 42.3 21.0 35.6 36.7
35 Duke University Americas 28 27 17.7 0.0 45.8 42.2 62.0 24.4 35.3
36 University of British Columbia Americas 29 2 17.7 18.9 32.2 30.8 65.7 23.7 34.7
36 University of Maryland, College Park Americas 29 28 22.0 19.9 41.4 29.0 53.6 26.2 34.7
38 The University of Texas at Austin Americas 31 29 18.5 16.6 46.1 28.4 54.4 24.7 34.5
39 Pierre and Marie Curie University - Paris 6 Europe 6 1 34.8 23.5 24.9 28.8 59.9 21.9 34.2
40 University of Copenhagen Europe 7 1 26.1 24.1 26.0 26.0 56.4 32.3 33.4
41 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Americas 32 30 10.7 16.2 39.4 27.7 60.6 23.9 33.3
42 Karolinska Institute Europe 8 1 26.1 27.2 31.4 20.5 49.9 38.1 33.2
43 Pennsylvania State University - University Park Americas 33 31 11.9 0.0 46.6 37.4 56.1 23.2 32.6
44 The University of Manchester Europe 9 5 23.2 18.9 27.9 28.0 59.1 23.1 32.4
45 University of Paris Sud (Paris 11) Europe 10 2 31.7 46.0 12.5 20.8 49.9 23.6 32.3
46 University of California, Davis Americas 34 32 0.0 0.0 47.2 31.7 63.0 26.0 32.0
46 University of California, Irvine Americas 34 32 0.0 29.3 36.7 26.3 49.3 26.9 32.0
46 University of Southern California Americas 34 32 0.0 26.7 38.8 26.3 53.1 20.0 32.0
49 The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Americas 37 35 20.6 33.1 30.5 29.9 38.4 23.5 31.8
50 Utrecht University Europe 11 1 26.1 20.9 27.9 30.4 48.2 26.1 31.7
51 University of Zurich Europe 12 2 10.7 26.7 26.4 28.7 50.6 27.0 31.2
52 University of Munich Europe 13 1 31.5 22.8 16.1 26.3 54.5 30.7 31.1
53 Vanderbilt University Americas 38 36 17.7 29.5 31.4 20.2 50.8 19.1 31.0
54 Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick Americas 39 37 13.1 19.9 40.1 27.9 43.7 23.2 30.9
54 The University of Edinburgh Europe 14 6 19.2 16.6 26.0 34.2 51.3 23.9 30.9
56 Technical University Munich Europe 15 2 39.2 23.5 24.9 19.5 46.5 29.2 30.7
56 University of Pittsburgh Americas 40 38 21.3 0.0 42.0 23.4 63.1 19.0 30.7
58 Carnegie Mellon University Americas 41 39 32.9 32.7 30.5 15.2 34.2 34.3 30.2
59 The Australian National University Asia/Pacific 3 1 15.1 12.6 36.0 27.8 43.8 31.1 29.6
59 The Ohio State University - Columbus Americas 42 40 15.1 0.0 41.7 22.8 62.0 19.1 29.6
61 McGill University Americas 43 3 31.1 0.0 32.2 22.9 59.6 25.3 29.5
62 University of Melbourne Asia/Pacific 4 2 19.9 14.1 22.8 18.7 63.1 27.0 29.3
63 King's College London Europe 16 7 14.1 23.0 31.4 16.7 50.7 25.0 29.1
63 University of Heidelberg Europe 16 3 16.9 27.0 17.6 23.0 50.6 28.6 29.1
65 Brown University Americas 44 41 16.0 13.6 31.4 29.6 41.9 32.1 29.0
66 University of Bristol Europe 18 8 9.2 17.8 28.8 29.1 47.3 25.1 28.9
66 Uppsala University Europe 18 2 22.0 32.1 14.4 19.9 49.5 26.6 28.9
<Indicators and Weights for ARWU>
Criteria Indicator Code Weight
<Quality of Education> Alumni of an institution winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals(Alumni)10%
<Quality of Faculty> Staff of an institution winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals(Award) 20%
Highly cited researchers in 21 broad subject categories( HiCi) 20%
<Research Output> Papers published in Nature and Science*( N&S) 20%
Papers indexed in Science Citation Index-expanded and Social Science Citation Index(PUB) 20%
<Per Capita Performance> Per capita academic performance of an institution(PCP) 10%
Total 100%
* For institutions specialized in humanities and social sciences such as London School of Economics, N&S is not considered, and the weight of N&S is relocated to other indicators.
<Indicator Definition>
<Alumni> The total number of the alumni of an institution winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals. Alumni are defined as those who obtain bachelor, Master's or doctoral degrees from the institution. Different weights are set according to the periods of obtaining degrees. The weight is 100% for alumni obtaining degrees in after 1991, 90% for alumni obtaining degrees in 1981-1990, 80% for alumni obtaining degrees in 1971-1980, and so on, and finally 10% for alumni obtaining degrees in 1901-1910. If a person obtains more than one degrees from an institution, the institution is considered once only.
<Award> The total number of the staff of an institution winning Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Economics and Fields Medal in Mathematics. Staff is defined as those who work at an institution at the time of winning the prize. Different weights are set according to the periods of winning the prizes. The weight is 100% for winners in after 2001, 90% for winners in 1991-2000, 80% for winners in 1981-1990, 70% for winners in 1971-1980, and so on, and finally 10% for winners in 1911-1920. If a winner is affiliated with more than one institution, each institution is assigned the reciprocal of the number of institutions. For Nobel prizes, if a prize is shared by more than one person, weights are set for winners according to their proportion of the prize.
<HiCi> The number of highly cited researchers in 21 subject categories. These individuals are the most highly cited within each category. The definition of categories and detailed procedures can be found at the website of Thomson ISI.
<N&S> The number of papers published in Nature and Science between 2005 and 2009. To distinguish the order of author affiliation, a weight of 100% is assigned for corresponding author affiliation, 50% for first author affiliation (second author affiliation if the first author affiliation is the same as corresponding author affiliation), 25% for the next author affiliation, and 10% for other author affiliations. Only publications of 'Article' and 'Proceedings Paper' types are considered.
<PUB> Total number of papers indexed in Science Citation Index-Expanded and Social Science Citation Index in 2009. Only publications of 'Article' and 'Proceedings Paper' types are considered. When calculating the total number of papers of an institution, a special weight of two was introduced for papers indexed in Social Science Citation Index.
<PCP> The weighted scores of the above five indicators divided by the number of full-time equivalent academic staff. If the number of academic staff for institutions of a country cannot be obtained, the weighted scores of the above five indicators is used. For ARWU 2010, the numbers of full-time equivalent academic staff are obtained for institutions in USA, UK, France, Canada, Japan, Italy, China, Australia, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Belgium, South Korea, Czech, Slovenia, New Zealand etc.
World University Rankings 2010-2011(2010.9)
Times Higher Education’s list of the world’s top universities for 2010-11
Who we are
Times Higher Education is the UK’s most authoritative source of information about higher education. Designed specifically for professional people working in higher education and research, Times Higher Education was founded in 1971 and has been online since 1995. Times Higher Education is published by TSL Education Ltd
今回は今までの評価方法を大幅に変えて、作成者がかなり正確さに自信をもってつくった大学ランキングとしている。
We are confident that the 2010-2011 world university rankings represent the most accurate picture of global higher education we have ever produced.
World Rank /Institution /Country /Region /Overall score /Teaching /International mix /Industry income /Research /Citations
1 Harvard University United States 96.1 99.7 72.4 34.5 98.7 98.8
2 California Institute of Technology United States 96.0 97.7 54.6 83.7 98.0 99.9
3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology United States 95.6 97.8 82.3 87.5 91.4 99.9
4 Stanford University United States 94.3 98.3 29.5 64.3 98.1 99.2
5 Princeton University United States 94.2 90.9 70.3 Data not supplied 95.4 99.9
6 University of Cambridge United Kingdom 91.2 90.5 77.7 57.0 94.1 94.0
6 University of Oxford United Kingdom 91.2 88.2 77.2 73.5 93.9 95.1
8 University of California Berkeley United States 91.1 84.2 39.6 Data not supplied 99.3 97.8
9 Imperial College London United Kingdom 90.6 89.2 90.0 92.9 94.5 88.3
10 Yale University United States 89.5 92.1 59.2 Data not supplied 89.7 91.5
11 University of California Los Angeles United States 87.7 83.0 48.1 Data not supplied 92.9 93.2
12 University of Chicago United States 86.9 79.1 62.8 Data not supplied 87.9 96.9
13 Johns Hopkins University United States 86.4 80.9 58.5 100.0 89.2 92.3
14 Cornell University United States 83.9 82.2 62.4 34.7 88.8 88.1
15 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Switzerland 83.4 77.5 93.7 Data not supplied 87.8 83.1
15 University of Michigan United States 83.4 83.9 53.3 59.6 89.1 84.1
17 University of Toronto Canada 82.0 75.8 Data not supplied Data not supplied 87.9 82.2
18 Columbia University United States 81.0 73.8 90.9 Data not supplied 73.8 92.6
19 University of Pennsylvania United States 79.5 71.8 32.9 43.7 82.7 93.6
20 Carnegie Mellon University United States 79.3 70.3 39.1 53.7 79.3 95.7
21 University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 79.2 68.4 91.4 56.5 71.4 96.1
22 University College London United Kingdom 78.4 74.0 90.8 39.0 81.6 80.6
23 University of Washington United States 78.0 68.2 49.0 32.8 77.1 95.9
24 Duke University United States 76.5 66.8 49.4 100.0 71.5 92.3
25 Northwestern University United States 75.9 64.5 60.5 Data not supplied 68.8 95.3
26 University of Tokyo Japan 75.6 87.7 18.4 Data not supplied 91.9 58.1
27 Georgia Institute of Technology United States 75.3 67.9 73.2 95.1 72.6 83.2
28 Pohang University of Science and Technology Republic of Korea 75.1 69.5 32.6 100.0 62.5 96.5
29 University of California Santa Barbara United States 75.0 56.6 64.3 89.8 68.0 98.8
30 University of British Columbia Canada 73.8 65.1 93.3 42.6 74.8 80.3
30 University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill United States 73.8 70.9 21.5 50.2 75.1 85.0
32 University of California San Diego United States 73.2 59.8 31.6 51.8 76.3 90.8
33 University of Illinois - Urbana United States 73.0 68.1 55.9 Data not supplied 80.9 72.9
34 National University of Singapore Singapore 72.9 65.5 97.8 40.5 72.6 78.7
35 McGill University Canada 71.7 69.0 85.9 Data not supplied 74.9 69.0
36 University of Melbourne Australia 71.0 58.7 88.0 47.7 69.2 83.3
37 Peking University China 70.7 76.4 68.6 98.6 61.3 72.2
38 Washington University Saint Louis United States 69.9 58.9 56.4 Data not supplied 63.0 88.6
39 Ecole Polytechnique France 69.5 57.9 77.9 Data not supplied 56.1 91.4
40 University of Edinburgh United Kingdom 69.2 59.9 67.3 42.2 61.9 86.8
41 Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong 69.0 50.4 97.4 64.1 51.8 98.2
42 Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris France 68.6 66.8 44.9 30.7 48.2 95.7
43 Australian National University Australia 67.0 51.9 93.9 Data not supplied 62.4 81.0
43 University of Göttingen Germany 67.0 57.3 44.5 31.7 55.9 92.5
43 Karolinska Institute Sweden 67.0 65.8 Data not supplied 73.3 72.7 62.3
43 University of Wisconsin United States 67.0 55.5 43.7 Data not supplied 64.6 83.4
47 Rice University United States 66.9 57.4 31.2 29.2 50.6 99.1
48 École Polytechnique Federale of Lausanne Switzerland 66.5 55.0 100.0 38.0 56.1 83.8
49 University of Science and Technology of China China 66.0 57.5 Data not supplied 30.3 48.6 92.7
49 University of California Irvine United States 66.0 49.4 66.3 Data not supplied 54.7 91.6
51 Vanderbilt University United States 65.9 64.9 22.1 84.2 59.5 78.1
52 University of Minnesota United States 65.6 57.6 23.0 Data not supplied 69.1 76.4
53 Tufts University United States 65.2 64.1 28.3 Data not supplied 52.3 83.9
54 University of California Davis United States 65.0 57.3 60.5 48.0 70.7 68.8
55 Brown University United States 64.9 59.7 60.5 Data not supplied 57.0 77.7
56 University of Massachusetts United States 64.7 61.3 22.6 53.9 72.6 67.9
57 Kyoto University Japan 64.6 78.9 18.4 67.1 77.7 46.3
58 Tsinghua University China 64.2 74.9 43.0 97.8 66.6 52.7
59 Boston University United States 64.0 53.6 38.1 29.6 51.9 91.4
60 New York University United States 63.9 62.0 31.8 Data not supplied 50.7 82.9
61 University of Munich Germany 63.0 59.1 43.1 40.4 57.5 76.4
61 Emory University United States 63.0 63.4 52.3 Data not supplied 48.4 77.8
63 University of Notre Dame United States 62.8 56.4 35.6 Data not supplied 45.1 89.1
64 University of Pittsburgh United States 62.7 58.5 25.2 37.9 58.3 78.3
65 Case Western Reserve University United States 62.2 67.2 56.5 Data not supplied 53.8 66.0
66 Ohio State University United States 62.1 63.5 64.0 Data not supplied 54.9 67.2
67 University of Colorado United States 61.6 46.4 31.7 Data not supplied 58.1 83.4
68 University of Bristol United Kingdom 61.4 49.6 67.2 36.2 53.1 80.9
68 University of California Santa Cruz United States 61.4 38.3 16.7 Data not supplied 50.4 99.6
68 Yeshiva University United States 61.4 63.5 53.3 Data not supplied 46.7 74.4
71 University of Sydney Australia 61.2 49.8 89.6 90.8 61.9 64.3
72 University of Virginia United States 61.1 62.0 42.2 Data not supplied 55.4 68.6
73 University of Adelaide Australia 60.7 46.5 87.5 52.7 38.8 90.5
73 University of Southern California United States 60.7 65.4 31.2 Data not supplied 48.7 71.9
75 William & Mary United States 60.4 53.1 20.9 Data not supplied 36.1 95.6
76 Trinity College Dublin Ireland 60.3 47.7 84.2 31.6 45.3 84.4
77 King's College London United Kingdom 59.7 48.5 85.9 44.1 54.5 72.1
78 Stony Brook University United States 59.6 48.5 52.2 Data not supplied 43.6 85.8
79 Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Republic of Korea 59.5 71.3 36.7 100.0 63.4 45.5
79 University of Sussex United Kingdom 59.5 42.4 72.8 29.1 42.4 91.6
81 University of Queensland Australia Australia 59.1 51.8 74.2 57.1 53.4 69.0
81 University of York United Kingdom 59.1 47.9 66.6 36.2 46.2 81.9
83 Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg Germany 59.0 59.2 63.4 39.1 47.5 70.3
83 University of Utah United States 59.0 55.8 22.5 Data not supplied 54.2 72.0
85 Durham University United Kingdom 58.9 39.8 65.7 33.9 44.1 91.0
86 London School of Economics and Political Science United Kingdom 58.3 62.4 99.5 38.4 56.2 51.6
87 University of Manchester United Kingdom 58.0 56.5 79.1 39.0 56.2 59.2
88 Royal Holloway, University of London United Kingdom 57.9 37.7 92.9 30.5 36.2 93.2
89 Lund University Sweden 57.8 46.3 56.8 33.2 60.8 67.6
90 University of Zurich Switzerland 57.7 56.6 87.9 43.8 47.0 65.0
90 University of Southampton United Kingdom 57.7 50.8 69.0 37.7 47.8 72.9
90 Wake Forest University United States 57.7 54.6 24.4 Data not supplied 42.9 79.2
93 McMaster University Canada 57.6 44.7 Data not supplied Data not supplied 58.7 68.5
94 University College Dublin Ireland 57.5 42.4 87.0 Data not supplied 36.6 86.3
95 University of Basel Switzerland 57.3 50.2 91.3 45.8 37.1 78.3
95 George Washington University United States 57.3 60.6 39.6 Data not supplied 43.1 70.2
95 University of Arizona United States 57.3 52.4 21.9 84.2 52.2 70.1
98 University of Maryland College Park United States 57.2 45.4 35.4 Data not supplied 48.6 79.2
99 Dartmouth College United States 57.1 44.7 31.0 Data not supplied 49.2 79.7
100 ENS de Lyon France 57.0
２００位まであるが、ここでは便宜上１００位まで扱っている。
•Teaching — the learning environment (worth 30 per cent of the final ranking score)
•Research — volume, income and reputation (worth 30 per cent)
•Citations — research influence (worth 32.5 per cent)
•Industry income — innovation (worth just 2.5 per cent)
•International mix — staff and students (worth 5 per cent)
The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2010-11 were developed in concert with our new rankings data provider, Thomson Reuters, with input from more than 50 leading figures in the sector from 15 countries across every continent, and through 10 months of extensive consultation. We believe we have created the gold standard in international university performance comparisons.
年 経済学賞 受賞時年齢 国 受賞理由
2011 クリストファー・シムズ 68 アメリカ 経済政策が実体経済に及ぼす影響分析、マクロ経済の分析手法
トーマス・サージェント 68 アメリカ
2010 ピーター A. ダイヤモンド 70 アメリカ サーチ摩擦を伴う市場の分析
デール T. モルテンセン 71 アメリカ
クリストファー A. ピサリデス 62 イギリス
2009 エリノア オストロム 76 アメリカ 特に共有資源の経済自治に関する分析
オリバー E. ウィリアムソン 77 アメリカ 特に企業の境界の経済自治に関する分析
2008 ポール クルーグマン 55 アメリカ 貿易パターンと経済活動の地理についての分析
2007 レオニード ハーヴィッチ 90 アメリカ メカニズムデザイン理論の確立
エリック S. マスキン 56 アメリカ
ロジャー B. メイヤソン 56 アメリカ
2006 エドムンド S. フェルプス 73 アメリカ マクロ経済政策におけるインフレ率と失業率との関係についての分析
2005 ロバート J. オーマン 75 イスラエル, アメリカ ゲーム理論を通じて、紛争や協調に対する理解を深めた
トーマス C. シェリング 84 アメリカ
2004 フィン E. キドランド 60 ノルウェー ダイナミックなマクロ経済学「経済政策の時間整合性と実物的景気循環論」への貢献
エドワード C. プレスコット 63 アメリカ
2003 ロバート F. エングル 60 アメリカ アーチ モデルによる経済の時系列分析手法の確立
クライヴ W. J. グレンジャー 69 イギリス コインテグレーションによる経済の時系列分析手法の確立
2002 ダニエル カーネマン 68 イスラエル, アメリカ 不確実性の下での人間の判断など、心理学的研究を経済学に導入した
バーノン L. スミス 75 アメリカ 経験的経済分析、特に市場メカニズム研究において、実験的手法を確立した
2001 ジョージ A. アカロフ 61 アメリカ 情報のあり方が市場に与える影響を解明しようとする、新しい情報経済学に道を開いた
A. マイケル スペンス 58 アメリカ
ジョゼフ E. スティグリッツ 58 アメリカ
2000 ジェームズ ヘックマン アメリカ ミクロ計量経済学において個人や家計の行動の統計的分析に広く使われる理論と方法を確立
ダニエル マクファデン アメリカ
1999 R. A. ムンデル アメリカ
1998 アマーティア セン 64 インド 厚生経済学の理論的、哲学的な研究に貢献
1997 ロバート C. マートン アメリカ
マイロン S. ショールズ アメリカ
1996 ウィリアム ヴィクリー カナダ
ジェームズ マーリーズ イギリス
1995 ロバート E. ルーカス アメリカ
1994 J. C. ハーサニ アメリカ
J. F. ナッシュ アメリカ
R. ゼルテン ドイツ
1993 R. W. フォーゲル 67 アメリカ
D. C. ノース 73 アメリカ
1992 G. S. ベッカー 62 アメリカ
1991 R. H. コース 80 アメリカ
1990 H. M. マーコウィッツ 63 アメリカ
M. H. ミラー 67 アメリカ
W. F. シャープ 56 アメリカ
1989 T. ホーヴェルモ 78 ノルウェー
1988 M. アレ 77 フランス
1987 R. M. ソロー 63 アメリカ
1986 J. M. ブキャナン 67 アメリカ
1985 F. モディリアニ 67 アメリカ
1984 J. R. N. ストーン 71 イギリス
1983 G. ドブルー 62 アメリカ
1982 G. J. スティグラー 71 アメリカ
1981 J. トービン 63 アメリカ
1980 L. R. クライン 60 アメリカ
1979 T. W. シュルツ 77 アメリカ
W. A. ルイス 64 アメリカ
1978 H. A. サイモン 62 アメリカ
1977 J. E. ミード 70 イギリス
B. G. オーリン 78 スウェーデン
1976 M. フリードマン 64 アメリカ
1975 L. カントロヴィチ 63 ソヴィエト
T. C. クープマンズ 65 アメリカ
1974 F. A. von ハイエク 75 オーストリア
K. G. ミュルダール 76 スウェーデン
1973 W. W. レオンチェフ 67 アメリカ
1972 J. R. ヒックス 68 イギリス
K. J. アロー 51 アメリカ
1971 S. クズネッツ 70 アメリカ
1970 P. A. サミュエルソン 55 アメリカ
1969 R. A. K. フリッシュ 74 ノルウェー
ヤン ティンバーゲン 66 オランダ
Best Values in Private Colleges 2011-12
By Jane Bennett Clark | Kiplinger – Tue, Nov 29, 2011 11:10 AM EST
Imagine that you had the money to send your child to any private college in the country. Then imagine that your kid was talented enough to be accepted at any college in the country. With all those choices, you'd still want a college that delivered the best bang for the buck, wouldn't you? In the real world, where money is tight and your selection limited, you have every reason to expect the same thing.
We're here to help. As always, our 2011-12 rankings for best values in private colleges and universities identify institutions that are both academically strong and affordable — our definition of value. This year, however, we took a fresh look at the criteria that go into that definition to better reflect the issues that affect real families, and we tweaked our presentation so that you can better fit the school to your circumstances.
For example, we now assign more points to the four-year graduation rate than to the five — the faster your student graduates, the more money you save. Freshman retention — the percentage of students who return after the first year — remains a major factor in our rankings: "It tells you whether this is likely to be a good school for the long haul," says Jane Wellman, of the Delta Project, which studies college finance. On the cost side, we give added weight to colleges that rein in student debt.
Those changes have sharpened our focus, but they don't turn the previous rankings on their head. Princeton, this year's number-one value among private universities, has appeared at or near the top of our list for several years running, thanks to its outstanding academic quality and generous financial-aid policies. Pomona, ranked first among liberal-arts colleges, makes its third appearance at the top of the liberal-arts list for a similarly stellar showing. In each case, the new criteria confirmed what we already knew: These schools deliver consistently great value.
Higher Costs, More Aid
You'd think with the struggling economy that private schools would have priced themselves out of the market. In fact, enrollment at these schools is rising, and not just among the affluent. Private colleges are attracting more low-income students, students who are the first in their family to attend college and students of color, says David Warren, of the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities (NAICU). Meanwhile, sticker prices keep rising, by an annual average of about 4.5%. The price tag at private institutions currently runs an average of about $37,000; many colleges blew past the $50,000 mark several years ago.
Still, "the important thing is to not obsess on posted tuition, because there is so much financial aid out there," says Ronald Ehrenberg, director of the Cornell Higher Education Research Institute. That allows more students — including low-income students — to attend. The need-based aid packages in our list generally rose in lockstep with rising prices. At Princeton, average aid knocks the total cost from $50,269 a year to less than $16,000, a bargain by any definition. At Pomona, aid reduces the $54,010 sticker price to less than $20,000.
Most top-tier schools, including Princeton and Pomona, restrict their financial aid to families with need; lower-tier colleges woo students with merit scholarships (otherwise known as tuition discounts). Those discounts reduce the price for freshmen by an average of 49%, according to the National Association of College and University Business Officers. College administrators and policymakers call the discount level "unsustainable," but for now, the money is on the table, and students are grabbing it.
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Whether they charge the full amount or fire-sale prices, private colleges spend more per student than public colleges, offer better service and smaller classes, and devote more resources to the campus setting. "They're selling the whole experience," says Wellman. That nurturing environment also gives students a straighter shot to a diploma. Private colleges have a far better record than publics of getting their students a degree within four years.
Since the recession, private colleges have tried to protect both their core academic enterprise and student services while cutting nonessentials to the bone, says Warren, of NAICU. As a result, expect to find fewer assistant deans and more academic counselors, fewer climbing walls and better health facilities, the same small classes but more career counseling. "Nobody pretends that this is not a more difficult budget balancing act," he says. Among college administrators, "the word that comes up most is value."
The colleges and universities in our rankings exemplify that standard. Two-thirds of our top 100 institutions bested the four-year graduation rate for all private colleges (51%) by at least 30 percentage points. At 92 of our top 100 schools, 90% or more of the freshmen returned for their sophomore year. And despite the budget-cutting, almost all of our top 100 institutions maintained their already-low student-faculty ratio.
As for cost, here's a minor miracle: Ten colleges and eight universities out of our 100 didn't charge a sticker price of $50,000-plus this year, and three — Wheaton and Hillsdale on the liberal-arts side and Elon among universities — managed to keep their price below $40,000. Sewanee: University of the South put itself in a class of its own by cutting its total cost by 10%, to a relatively modest $42,318. Centre College and Gustavus Adophus stand out among liberal-arts colleges, and Worcester Polytechnic Institute and the University of Portland shine on the university side for spreading their financial aid generously between need-based and non-need-based aid.
Princeton Meets Its Goal
Ten years ago, Princeton University took the unprecedented step of eliminating loans from its financial-aid package, with the goal of shrinking student borrowing almost to the vanishing point. Mission accomplished: Princeton's average debt — $5,225 — is the lowest on both our lists, and its students now borrow mostly for convenience, says Robin Moscato, director of financial aid. "They do so for reasons such as purchasing a laptop or replacing the work-study requirement. It's a choice they make to improve their Princeton experience."
Princeton uses its no-loan financial-aid policy to further another long-time goal: increasing diversity on campus. This Ivy League institution offers need-based aid to 57% of its students and would like to see that number grow. "We're always seeking and hoping to enroll more talented, qualified students from lower-income backgrounds," says Moscato.
Students lucky enough to attend under any circumstance receive an outstanding education. Set on a storied campus, Princeton offers small classes, a broad-based curriculum, a student body filled with superstars and a faculty that practically teems with Nobel Prize winners. Its freshman retention rate is 98%, for good reason. Why would anyone leave?
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When Pomona first topped our list in February 2009, President David Oxtoby faced a set of tough choices. The recession had sapped the school's endowment and increased the demand for financial aid. Alumni donations had stalled. Pomona's ambitious plans for new arts facilities and new residence halls suddenly seemed, well, maybe too ambitious. Three years later, Pomona has rebounded with a recovering endowment, replenished donations and two state-of-the art residence halls. A campaign to fund the arts facilities, delayed for a year, is back on track. And the academic quality and plentiful financial aid that has twice before made Pomona our top-ranked college puts it at the top again.
But the school is now making do with less, and some of the small luxuries that give Pomona its private-school cachet have dwindled or disappeared. Staff members who left have not been replaced. A member of the Claremont Colleges, the college has "significantly expanded" its cooperation with the four other undergraduate colleges in the consortium, sharing resources and programs. "We're not trying to do as much on our own," says Oxtoby. Pomona's signature outdoor-adventure program was cut back, and the chocolate-tasting extravaganza that kicked off exam week is no more.
Leslie Appleton of Phoenix considers Pomona's small class sizes, high quality and liberal-arts focus well worth the price of admission, regardless of recent cutbacks. "The best thing you get out of a place like Pomona is learning how to explore different things, and the emphasis on holistic education is good for developing critical-thinking skills. I honestly believe I'm getting a superb value out of my education." As for the chocolate party, Appleton, a senior, laughs. "That was hard to give up."
The universities on our top-100 list include both the most prestigious research institutions in the world and lesser-known, regional institutions.
But all offer the range of majors and degrees that typify the university model, and all deliver the quality and affordability that represent our definition of value.
Of the top ten schools in our rankings, seven offer enough financial aid to bring the annual total cost to less than $20,000.
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1. Princeton University
Location: Princeton, N.J.
Undergraduate Enrollment: 5,220
Total Annual Cost: $50,269
Average Annual Need-Based Aid: $34,719
Average Debt at Graduation: $5,225
This Ivy League institution posts one of the best four-year graduation rates among the schools on our universities list, and its no-loan financial-aid policy, the first in the country, allows students to leave Princeton with little or no debt. Princeton's total cost makes it the least expensive member of the Ivy League.
2. Yale University
Location: New Haven, Conn.
Undergraduate Enrollment: 5,294
Total Annual Cost: $53,700
Average Annual Need-Based Aid: $38,914
Average Debt at Graduation: $9,254
With an endowment of $19.4 billion, Yale can afford to be generous with its financial aid: Students who qualify receive an average financial-aid package of almost $40,000 a year. Applicants to Yale confront fierce competition; only 8% are admitted. Virtually all of Yale's freshmen return for sophomore year.
3. California Institute of Technology
Location: Pasadena, Cal.
Undergraduate Enrollment: 967
Total Annual Cost: $50,703
Average Annual Need-Based Aid: $31,030
Average Debt at Graduation: $10,760
The smallest of our top 50 universities, Caltech also has the lowest student-faculty ratio, a remarkable three to one. Not surprisingly for this elite tech school, 99% of incoming freshmen score 700 or higher on the math portion of the SAT. Caltech has a long-standing policy of keeping student debt to a minimum by offering generous student aid.
4. Rice University
Rice University
Location: Houston, Tex.
Undergraduate Enrollment: 3,529
Total Annual Cost: $48,621
Average Annual Need-Based Aid: $27,671
Average Debt at Graduation: $13,944
Strong on quality, this university also shines on cost. Rice posts the lowest sticker price of our top 25 universities and, unlike most elite institutions, gives significant merit aid in addition to need-based aid. Rice kicked off its year-long centennial celebration in October 2011 and promises plenty of hoopla at the culminating festivities in October 2012.
5. Harvard
Location: Cambridge, Mass.
Undergraduate Enrollment: 6,641
Total Annual Cost: $53,652
Average Annual Need-Based Aid: $39,156
Average Debt at Graduation: $10,102
The most competitive school on either of our lists, Harvard accepts only 7% of applicants. Some 75% of its incoming freshmen score 700 or higher on the verbal section of the SAT, and 100% score 700 or higher on the math section. Harvard devotes $166 million a year to financial aid and gives significant need-based aid to families making up to $150,000 a year.
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6. University of Pennsylvania
Location: Philadelphia, Pa.
Undergraduate Enrollment: 9,865
Total Annual Cost: $55,136
Average Annual Need-Based Aid: $32,443
Average Debt at Graduation: $17,013
Founded in 1740 and a member of the Ivy League, U-Penn offers outstanding academics and the best of both worlds: a 279-acre campus complete with greenswards and gardens in the urban setting of Philadelphia. This university posts one of the highest yields (the percentage of accepted students who enroll) on our universities list. All but 1% of freshmen return for sophomore year.
7. Duke University
Location: Durham, N.C.
Undergraduate Enrollment: 6,663
Total Annual Cost: $55,245
Average Annual Need-Based Aid: $35,578
Average Debt at Graduation: $21,884
Home to one of the top men's basketball programs, Duke also boasts strong academics, an eight-to-one student-faculty ratio and generous financial aid, including merit scholarships. Its Durham, N.C., location puts it in the heart of Research Triangle, known for its high-tech companies and major research universities, including the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
8. Columbia University
Location: New York, N.Y.
Undergraduate Enrollment: 5,888
Total Annual Cost: $59,208
Average Annual Need-Based Aid: $38,356
Average Debt at Graduation: NA
Founded in 1754 as King's College, this Ivy League institution changed its name to Columbia after the Revolutionary War. Its highly competitive admission rate — 10% — results in a freshman class of high achievers: Among incoming freshmen, 69% score 700 or higher on the verbal part of the SAT, and 73% score 700 or higher on the math portion. Originally located on lower Broadway in Manhattan, Columbia is now located in the Morningside Heights neighborhood.
9. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Location: Cambridge, Mass.
Undergraduate Enrollment: 4,299
Total Annual Cost: $53,557
Average Annual Need-Based Aid: $35,504
Average Debt at Graduation: $15,228
Fresh off a six-month celebration of its 150th anniversary, MIT continues to claim its role as a world-class institution of science and technology. Not surprisingly, 93% of its incoming freshmen score 700 or higher on the math part of the SAT. MIT gives need-based aid to two-thirds of its students, and it meets 100% of their financial need.
10. Stanford University
Location: Stanford, Cal.
Undergraduate Enrollment: 6,940
Total Annual Cost: $54,798
Average Annual Need-Based Aid: $37,930
Average Debt at Graduation: $14,058
As selective as Harvard in the percentage of applicants admitted (only 7%), this West Coast powerhouse awards need-based financial aid to more than half its students, at an average amount of almost $39,000. Stanford's beautiful campus, about 40 miles from San Francisco, was designed by the renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted.
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日本の社会変革は可能か？-「日本の常識は世界の非常識」という一つの例がここにある。その言葉が肌で感じられる東大の動き。世界の激しい経済の動きや変化に、このままの日本では他のアジア諸国にさえ後塵を拝することの自覚と危機感の表われ。
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世界を目指した東大の入試改革
Reform means the world for Todai
Fall enrollment part of wider drive to lure foreign students, diversify
Saturday, Feb. 18, 2012
By MIZUHO AOKI Staff writer, The Japan Times
When Japan's leading university announced in January that it intends to shift undergraduate enrollment from spring to autumn in line with colleges worldwide, the plan created waves far beyond the academic world.
Hoping to blossom: High school students visit one of the University of Tokyo's campuses to take the unified college entrance examinations on Jan. 15. KYODO =写真
The University of Tokyo's move would have a far broader and deeper effect on Japanese society and force authorities to amend long-established practices, notably the season when companies recruit graduates and the timing of various national examinations, such as those medical students take in February to qualify for a medical license.
But the response from government and the business world has so far been favorable, with most officials welcoming the university's efforts to internationalize its operations. The proposed shift comes at a time when fostering a broader global perspective among the nation's youth is increasingly viewed as a priority.
Following the university's announcement, Chief Cabinet Secretary Osamu Fujimura instructed administrative vice ministers to ensure the issue is discussed in every ministry, demonstrating the government's support for the plan.
Keidanren, the nation's leading business lobby, also plans to discuss how companies should adjust their recruitment schedules, as well as ways to support high school graduates during the six-month break, or "gap term," that would be created between their graduation and the time they start university. At present, students enroll around two weeks after finishing high school.
The University of Tokyo, commonly known as Todai, plans to introduce the change within five years.
The move is intended to boost the university's global competitiveness against its international rivals and lure more outstanding foreign students, and also to develop a more global outlook among its Japanese student body.
Todai has also set a target of raising the number of overseas students to at least 12 percent of its total student body by 2020.
But some education experts say the enrollment shift alone will not be enough to realize these goals, arguing that Todai must carry out drastic internal reforms if it truly wants to become a more attractive option for overseas students and to change Japanese students' thinking.
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"It's not like everything will be fixed if (Todai) shifts to autumn enrollment," Mineo Nakajima, president of Akita International University, told The Japan Times in a recent interview.
"The important things are its curriculum and factors such as credit transfers (with overseas academic institutions). . . . It also needs to radically change the current mindset of its faculty and employees," he said.
Nakajima suggested that Todai's leaders might benefit from taking a close look at Akita International University, which has made study abroad mandatory for all its students and enrolls new recruits in both spring and autumn.
His other proposals for Todai include adopting the international codes U.S. colleges use for each curriculum to indicate the subject and level of every class, keeping libraries open 24 hours a day so that students have a place to study at all times, and conducting classes entirely in English.
"In the age we live in, I think the key point is whether (a university) can disseminate information in English — the de facto international language," Nakajima said.
"And considering how many faculty members are able to communicate in English, I believe they have to thoroughly change (their current way of thinking). That means Japanese professors teaching Japanese students in Japanese," he said. "That's the first step to changing a faculty's way of thinking."
While Todai is considered the nation's top and most prestigious academic institution, its efforts to internationalize its campuses and student body have lagged behind the world's leading universities.
According to Todai's own data, only 1.9 percent of its undergraduate students were non-Japanese as of last May. At Harvard University the proportion stood at 10 percent in 2009, while 6 percent of undergraduates at Seoul University came from outside South Korea in 2010.
The same can be said of Todai's faculty, whose non-Japanese members accounted for only 2.3 percent of the total — just 88 teachers — as of May 2011.
By comparison, 20 percent of Oxford University's faculty were non-British and 14 percent of Massachusetts Institute of Technology's faculty were overseas nationals as long ago as 2006, according to a report by the Todai panel that recommended autumn enrollment.
To start catching up with leading overseas universities, Todai will kick off a new undergraduate course this autumn — titled "Program in English at Komaba (the undergraduate campus)" — and offering students the opportunity to take all classes in English.
But the course can only accommodate a few students, effectively diluting any real impact it might have on the Komaba campus, said Yuki Honda, a professor of education at Todai.
"The course has only a few dozen (places) for the 3,000 students in the same year," Honda said. "I really wish more foreign students from a wider variety of countries would come and make an impression (among Japanese students). . . . That would make (the academic environment) far more interesting."
Todai's planned reforms are not only being driven by internal panels and faculty members.
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Japan's aging society and declining birthrate are shrinking the pool of potential new students, forcing universities to rethink the way they have traditionally done things and implement radical changes, Todai's Honda said.
In fiscal 2011, 39 percent of 572 private universities failed to meet their minimum enrollment quotas, according to a survey by the Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan. Japan has 596 private universities in total.
But the University of Tokyo has yet to experience any such enrollment problems, thanks to its revered status.
"Although (Todai) is not ranked that high among universities worldwide, it continues to retain its high status and prestige in this 'Galapagos country,' " Honda said, referring to Japanese students' perception of the school.
"Todai is able to survive even though it is not very capable of sensing or perceiving changes in society, the economy and the international environment," she said.
But while some on Todai's faculty may not feel a sense of crisis now, such complacency may be jeopardizing the university's long-term future, Honda said.
Regarding the gap between terms until autumn enrollment, some experts have expressed concern that it may increase the financial burden on students.
Todai hopes high school graduates will use the extra free time to engage in activities that benefit society, such as volunteering for worthy causes, or take on new challenges to broaden their views, such as corporate internships.
It remains unclear, however, whether the university plans to create such programs or internships at companies, or would provide any financial assistance to those participating in them.
It is also quite probable that the new six-month break will highly confuse many students as it will effectively strip them of any official status and leave them in limbo, Ibaraki University President Yukio Ikeda said Jan. 30.
To discuss the specific details of shifting the time of enrollment, Todai intends to set up two consultative bodies in April — one comprising representatives from 11 leading universities, including Tokyo's Keio University, and Kyoto University, and the other involving members of business groups such as Keidanren.
In January, Todai President Junich Hamada said it will be crucial for Japan's leading universities to cooperate in order to realize the change, given the wider changes to society autumn enrollment would necessitate.
Following Hamada's statement, more than 40 percent of 81 national universities announced they plan to start discussions on whether to start autumn enrollment, a recent Kyodo News poll found. In addition, 10 out of 12 private universities surveyed said they also intend to hold talks on the proposed change.
"I believe there are many problems in Japanese society, such as a narrow sense of values, a rigid way of thinking and intolerance. Internationalizing (universities) is desirable to address these issues and help to change society," Todai's Honda said.
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アインスタインは正しかった。
Einstein Was Right All Along: ‘Faster-Than-Light’ Neutrino Was Product of Error
A discovery that could have upended a century of physics research was caused by a loose cable. Phew.
By Jeffrey Kluger | February 22, 2012 |
The universe as we know it was saved today. The instrument of its salvation, and that of the very edifice of physics itself? A fiber-optic cable in a GPS receiver at the European Center for Particle Physics (CERN) near Geneva.
The universe was first endangered back in September, when a group of CERN physicists fired a swarm of neutrinos — ghostly particles that don’t give a fig about objects in their path—through a mountain to a receiver beneath Italy’s Apennine Mountains, located 450 miles (724 km) away. Since the mountain might as well not have been there, the neutrinos should have moved at the speed of light the entire way — no slower, and definitely no faster, since, as Albert Einstein pointed out, nothing in the universe can do that.
(MORE: Was Einstein Wrong? A Faster-Than-Light Neutrino May Be Saying Yes)
But according to the Apennine receivers, the neutrinos did go faster — not by much, just by 60 nanoseconds, or .0025% of the time it would have taken a light beam to make the trip. But being a little faster than light is like being a little dead; even a tiny bit changes everything. In this case, what the experiment would have changed is the very foundation of Einstein’s special theory of relativity, which is itself the foundation of more than a century of physics, and fundamental to our entire understanding of the universe. So people were concerned.
Things heated up even more when the researchers reported that, yes, they had checked their instruments and calculations before going public and no, they saw no flaws. To their credit, they invited physicists all over the world to try to replicate their findings, and many got to work. Just last weekend, reports the science site Ars Technica, no fewer than five different teams at the annual meeting of the American Academy for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS) announced that they were gearing up to run tests of their own.
(PHOTOS: Inside the Large Hadron Collider)
They can stand down now. Today, the CERN team announced that the GPS system used to adjust the mechanism that timed the neutrinos’ journey had a loose fiber optic cable. When it was fixed — and its mistaken readings scrubbed from the data — the 60-nanosecond difference disappeared. So the old boy TIME chose as its Person of the Century back in 2000 was proven right again.
That did not come as much of a surprise to generations of physicists and students who have come to see Einstein’s word as law. And, according to Ars Technica, it did not come as a surprise to Sergio Bertolucci, CERN’s head of research. When asked before the glitch was discovered if he believed the neutrinos really did get to the Apennine Mountains so fast, he said he had his doubts, “because nothing in Italy arrives ahead of time.”
A woman passes behind layers of the world's largest superconducting solenoid magnet (CMS), at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)'s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) particle accelerator near Geneva, Switzerland on March 22, 2007.=pic
アインシュタインの書簡ネット公開
Einstein the scientist, dreamer, lover: online
By Ari Rabinovitch
JERUSALEM | Mon Mar 19, 2012 2:49pm EDT
JERUSALEM (Reuters) - At speeds even he could barely imagine, Albert Einstein's private papers and innermost thoughts will soon be available online, from a rare scribble of "E=mc2" in his own hand, to political pipe-dreams and secret love letters to his mistress.
Fifty-seven years after the Nobel Prize-winning physicist's death, the Israeli university which he helped found opened Internet access on Monday to some of the 80,000 documents Einstein bequeathed to it in his will.
It will go on adding more at alberteinstein.info and in time, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem says, it is committed to digitizing its entire Einstein archive.
Among items likely to attract popular attention is a very rare manuscript example of the formula the author of the theory of relativity proposed in 1905, E=mc2, where energy, E, equals mass times c - the speed of light in a vacuum - squared.
Once published, a cache of two dozen love letters to the woman who would become his second wife - but written while he was still married to his first - may also attract the curious.
So too may an idealistic proposal in 1930 for a "secret council" of Jews and Arabs to bring peace to the Middle East.
At present, only a selection of documents dating from before 1923, when Einstein was 44, are available. As papers are scanned, the bulk of them in Einstein's native German, the university will publish English translations and notes, said Hanoch Gutfreund, whose committee oversees the archive.
"This is going to be not only something to satisfy the curiosity of the curious," he said. "But it also will be a great education and research tool for academics."
LOVER, DREAMER
Some items, he acknowledged, were so personal that the archivists weighed carefully whether make them public.
Among these are 24 love letters the scientist wrote to his cousin, Elsa Einstein, with whom he conducted an affair for several years before finally divorcing his first wife, Mileva Maric, and remarrying in 1919: "If you let enough time go by," Gutfreund concluded, "Then it's kosher."
Also not yet included online, but now on display at the university, is a letter Einstein wrote in German to the Arab newspaper Falastin in which he proposed a "secret council" to help end Jewish-Arab conflict in then British-rule Palestine.
Einstein envisioned a committee of eight Jews and Arabs -- a physician, a jurist, a trade unionist and a cleric from either side -- that would meet weekly:
"Although this 'Secret Council' has no fixed authority, it will however, ultimately lead to a state in which the differences will gradually be eliminated," Einstein wrote. "This representation will rise above the politics of the day."
The scientist, who quit Nazi Germany for the United States, long supported the Jewish community in Palestine. But he had sometimes mixed feelings about the Israeli state that was established during the war of 1948. In 1952, he turned down an offer to become Israel's largely ceremonial president.
アメリカの大学生中退の理由
Why college students stop short of a degree
By Lou Carlozo | Tue Mar 27, 2012 1:18pm EDT
CHICAGO (Reuters) - Aspiring journalist Fruzsina Eordogh dropped out of Loyola University Chicago last spring, just a few classes shy of graduating.
Saddled with $50,000 in student loans, she decided that spending more time in class would derail her from pursuing opportunities in the job market.
Eordogh, now 26, has worked full-time since June as an online reporter at the Daily Dot, a digital publication covering Internet culture, and is chipping away at her financial obligations even as many of her former classmates have gone on to graduate school.
"I've never had a job in journalism that required me to show my diploma," says Eordogh, who has written for outlets ranging from AOL.com to True/Slant (now part of Forbes.com).
She is hardly unique.
There are some high-profile cases of dropouts-made-good like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs and Mark Zuckerberg, but the majority are not so fortunate. The United States has the highest dropout rate in the industrialized world, according to a Harvard analysis of data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
DROPOUT RATES
The "Pathways to Prosperity" study by the Harvard Graduate School of Education in 2011 shows that just 56 percent of college students complete four-year degrees within six years. Only 29 percent of those who start two-year degrees finish them within three years.
The Harvard study's assertions are supported by data collected by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development for its report "Education at a Glance 2010." Among 18 countries tracked by the OECD, the United States finished last (46 percent) for the percentage of students who completed college once they started it. That puts the United States behind Japan (89 percent), and former Soviet-bloc states such as Slovakia (63 percent) and Poland (61 percent).
The failure to complete a college education in the United States is especially marked at four-year private for-profit schools, where 78 percent of attendees fail to get a diploma after six years, according to a 2011 report from the National Center for Education Statistics.
That compares with 35 percent of students in nonprofit private schools and 45 percent of students in public colleges who failed to graduate after six years.
REASONS FOR DROPPING OUT
Today's U.S. college dropouts are more likely to be male (57 percent of college degrees go to women), the Harvard study shows. They are less likely to be pursuing careers as lawyers, doctors or architects, where higher education has a clear correlation with obtaining a job.
Reasons for dropping out included: not being prepared for the rigors of academic work; inability to cope with the competing demands of study, family and jobs; and cost, the Harvard report says.
William C. Symonds, lead author of "Pathways to Prosperity says: "You will find a lot of kids with a four-year degree who do not have a clue as to what they'll do."
FINANCIAL HOLE
"For many young adults, the ultimate bottom line is whether the degree or credential they earn will help them secure a job," according to a 2011 Pew Research Center report, "Is College Worth It?"
A four-year private college education tripled in price between 1980 and 2010, the study finds, and student loan debt for a bachelor's degree now averages more than $23,000 per student borrower.
Many students approach the dropout decision as a simple cost-benefit analysis. They ask themselves whether leaving will put them financially ahead of where they'll be after amassing four years of student loan debt in a lukewarm job market.
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Michael Nelson, 22, of Fayetteville, Georgia, "retired" from nearby LaGrange College during his freshman year. "I knew it wasn't going to take me where I wanted to go," he says. Now a gold and precious metals dealer, he made $85,000 in 2011.
"A lot of my friends are coming out of school with $50,000 in debt," Nelson says. "They don't know how they're going to survive because they don't have a job."
That doesn't mean that college is becoming a bad investment.
In 1973, 72 percent of the workforce had no college education, but by 2007, that number dropped to 41 percent, the Harvard study shows. College graduates earn $19,550 more a year on average than those with just a high school education, according to 2010 figures from the U.S. Census Bureau.
But in 2010, student loan debt also exceeded consumer credit card debt for the first time in history, according to estimates compiled by Mark Kantrowitz, the publisher of FinAid.org and Fastweb.com.
Financial barriers play a key role in students' decisions to drop out of college, the Pew study finds. Among adults age 18-34 who lack a bachelor's degree, two-thirds halted their education to support a family, 57 percent preferred to work and make money; and 48 percent simply couldn't afford college.
DROPPING OUT VS. DEBT BURDEN
Yet for some students, dropping out with loans can be worse than plowing through with debt. Student loans can't be discharged via bankruptcy, for example, and many college dropouts will face career barriers due to the lack of a degree, experts say. Current unemployment statistics show that those without a college degree are twice as likely to be unemployed as those with a bachelor's degree.
One way students and families can tilt the equation in their favor is to simply spend less, experts say.
"If students are more reasonable and selective about where they're going to get that degree, college costs are more manageable," says Eleanor Blayney with the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards. "At the very least they can do the first two years at a community college and then transfer."
Both Eordogh and Nelson claim that the lack of diplomas hasn't hurt their prospects. She says she's making as much as her colleagues with degrees, and he points to his paid-off school loans and his new Volkswagen Jetta.
"Twenty years from now, if I decide to go to grad school, I'd get that paperwork done," Eordogh now says. "But otherwise, I'm not that interested."
For suggestions on how college students can avoid dropping out, see our latest Money Clip video, with Reuters Wealth editor Lauren Young, at link.reuters.com/bum27s
(The author is a Reuters contributor)
(Additional reporting by Heather Struck; Editing by Lauren Young and Andrea Evans; Desking by Andrew Hay)
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Four-Year-Old Girl With Sky-High IQ Joins Mensa
By Erica Ho | @ericamho | April 16, 2012 | 18inShare16
Meet a 4-year-old girl whose IQ is just one point shy of Stephen Hawking and Albert Einstein. Legos first, the theory of relativity next.
Heidi Hankins, from Winchester, England, is the newest kid on the block to join Mensa, the intellectual organization, with an IQ of 159. At the age of 2, Hankins was reportedly already reading at an 8-year-old level. There are no standardized IQ tests for children under the age of 10, so the toddler was psychologically evaluated.
Back in 2009, Oscar Wrigly joined Mensa at the age of 2 with an IQ of 160 to become the youngest child to ever join the organization. The average IQ in the general population is said to be about 100.
Mensa only recruits members whose IQs belong into the top 2% of the population. According to the Toronto Star, Heidi is one of approximately 90 children under the age of 10 who belong to the British chapter of Mensa.
“She will remember times and events and things you wouldn’t even notice,” Hankin’s father told the Star. “She has a really good memory for times and places and details.”
Erica Ho is a contributor at TIME and the editor of Map Happy. Find her on Twitter at @ericamho and Google+. You can also continue the discussion on TIME’s Facebook page and on Twitter at @TIME.
UC admits record number of out-of-state and international students
April 17, 2012 | 11:31 am
The University of California admitted 43% more out-of-state and international students than last year, significantly boosting its efforts to reach out to those higher-paying freshmen, according to data released Tuesday.
But it remains uncertain how many of these students will actually enroll since non-Californians are less likely to enroll than resident students, officials said.
UC offered fall entrance to 61,443 California students to at least one of its nine undergraduate campuses, a rise of 3.6% from last year.
It also admitted 18,846 students from other states and countries, up from 13,144 the prior year. Those students would pay an extra $23,000 a year and help plug the budget gaps caused by reductions in state funding. Students have until May 1 to decide whether they will enroll.
UC hopes to raise the overall enrollment of non-Californians to 10% of undergraduates in a few years, up from the current 6% or so, although some campuses like UCLA and UC Berkeley already have much higher shares of out-of-staters.
Because applications from state residents increased substantially and enrollment is not expanding much, it got harder for Californians to find a spot in UC. Overall, the admissions rate for California students declined from 69.7% last year to 65.8% for fall 2012. And non-Californians faced a similar trend: 53.9% of out-of-state students in the U.S. were admitted, down from 60.7% last year, and about 61.3% of foreign applicants, compared with 64.1% in 2011.
UC administrators say that all California students who met UC’s academic standards were offered at least one spot somewhere in the university, even it was not their first or second choice.
“We have the capacity to educate many more students at our campuses,” Kate Jeffery, UC’s interim director of undergraduate admissions, said in a statement Tuesday. “What we don’t have is the funding to admit more California students. Nonetheless, we continue to honor the California Master Plan, finding a space at one of our campuses for all students who qualify for guaranteed admission.”
UCLA once again was the hardest UC campus to crack for Californians, with only 17.7% of them offered entrance at the Westwood school. Next came UC Berkeley, 22.7%; San Diego, 32.1%; Irvine, 33.6%; Santa Barbara, 41%; Davis, 44.5%; Riverside and Santa Cruz, both 61.6%; and Merced, 76.5%.
When non-Californians are included in the acceptance rate, UC Berkeley had a slight edge for being the most selective UC campus, offering a spot to 21.2% of all applicants compared with 21.3% at UCLA.
Eight of the nine campuses increased their number of admissions offers to non-Californians. Only UC Berkeley, which already attracted controversy for enrolling 30% of its current freshman class from out of state, pulled back somewhat, cutting the numbers of such offers by 12.5%.
— Larry Gordon
Photo: A lecture at UC Santa Barbara in January 2010. Credit: Al Seib / Los Angeles Times
各国の人口比で見るとなお数値に目を見張るものがある。人口での順位は中国、インド、日本、メキシコ、ベトナム、トルコ、南朝鮮となる。南朝鮮の人口は日本の半分もない。このリストで一番人口の少ない台湾は日本の５分の一。過去にアジアと言えば真っ先に日本が浮かびあがったが、近頃オリンピックの国際舞台や経済で南朝鮮の台頭振りが著しい。その力がどこから来るかがわかるというもの。
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アメリカの外国人留学生の数
Education the World
Top 10 countries sending new students to study in the US., 2010-11
Country / New Students in US / One-year Change
1.China 157,558 23.3%
2.India 103,895 -1.0%
3.South korea 73,351% 1.7%
4.Canada 27,546 -2.1%
5.Taiwan 24,818 -7.0%
6. Saudi Arabia 22,704 43.6%
7. Japan 21,290 -14.3%
8. Vietnam 14,888 13.5%
9. Mexica 13,713 2.0%
10. Turkey 12,184 -1.7%
Source Institute of International Education
The Wall Street Journal
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Saudi Students Flood In as U.S. Reopens Door
July 27, 2012, 10:32 p.m. ET
By ELLEN KNICKMEYER, The Wall Street Journal
WASHINGTON—Dressed in caps and gowns, the college students packing a graduation ceremony in suburban Washington, D.C., acted like excited graduates anywhere in the United States.
Except, perhaps, when the men broke into tribal line dances. Or when the women, wearing headscarves, burst forth with zagareet, soaring trills of their tongues, in celebration.
The more than 300 graduates gathered at a hotel overlooking the Potomac River were all from Saudi Arabia, part of a massive government-paid foreign study program to earn bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees and return home to help run their country.
"You are the best of the best, and the future of our country," Saudi Arabia's cultural attaché, Mohammed al Issa, declared at the May event.
In the years following the security crackdown on Arab travelers after the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks—in which 15 of the 19 hijackers were Saudi Arabian—tough restrictions kept most Arab students away from the U.S. In 2004, only about 1,000 Saudis were studying in the U.S., according to the U.S. State Department.
This past school year, Saudi Arabia sent 66,000 students to U.S. universities, four times the number before the 2001 attacks and the fastest-growing source of foreign students in the U.S., ahead of China, according to the Chronicle of Higher Education. The Saudi influx is part of a broader increase in international students in the U.S. as American universities seek to raise tuition revenues. Some 723,277 foreign students enrolled during the 2010-2011 school year, up 32% from a decade ago.
Graduates tossed their caps into the air for a camera crew filming a piece for a Saudi Arabian news channel after the May 26 ceremony.
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"With the financial crunch…the [U.S.] administrators look to the international students to a degree as saviors," said Michael Launius, vice president of international students at Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Wash., where Saudi enrollment has jumped from nothing in 2005 to about 150 this past school year.
To accommodate the new Saudi students, Central Washington administrators offered to provide halal food prepared in accordance with Islamic law, or set aside space on campus for a mosque. The Saudi students declined, preferring to eat at town cafes like everyone else, Mr. Launius said.
The Saudi contingent "doesn't seem to have caused any kind of consternation and stir at all," said Mr. Launius. "I think this is a good exposure to what these folks are actually like."
Saudi Arabia's international scholarship program, launched when Saudi King Abdullah took the throne in 2005, is a key part of his efforts to equip future generations in handling the country's main challenges, including a fast-growing population and declining oil reserves.
Since taking over, the Saudi king has emphasized scientific education and exposure to foreign countries as keys to combat religious extremism and transform Saudi Arabia into a modern state. This year, the scholarship program has about 130,000 young people studying around the world, at an estimated cost of at least $5 billion since the program began.
The king's efforts to modernize, including the scholarship program, have led to constant tension between Western-influenced Saudis and a religiously educated core who hold heavy sway over society and reject modernization because it is associated with the West.
That internal tension was on display this month when Saudi Arabia, under threat of a ban from the Olympic Games, finally ended its status as the last Olympic nation to refuse to include women on its teams.
In the coming years, the Saudi monarchy will likely face mounting pressure to modernize economically and politically as the country spends down its oil wealth. The next Saudi kings will need an educated middle class, economists say, if the kingdom is to build a productive private sector and create jobs for millions of young Saudis.
The foreign scholarship program can create challenges for some students, particularly women, when they try to reintegrate into Saudi society after experiencing much more freedom abroad, some foreign students say. Unlike many international students who study in the U.S., most Saudis return to their home country after receiving their degrees, said James B. Smith, U.S. ambassador to Saudi Arabia since 2009.
King Abdullah, who is in his late 80s and was educated by clerics in a mosque, initiated the scholarship program after persuading U.S. officials, particularly President George W. Bush, to reopen the student visa service after 9/11. At a pivotal meeting in 2005 at the president's ranch in Crawford, Texas, the King convinced Mr. Bush that the education program was crucial for the two countries' long-term relationship.
"The impassioned plea that the King made for this, and the long-term importance of the relationship, really made an impression on President Bush," said Frances Townsend, former homeland security adviser, who attended the 2005 meeting.
As late as the 1950s, Saudi Arabia had a literacy rate below 5%. Today, the percentage of literate Saudis has reached 79%, according to the CIA World Factbook. One-third have university degrees, the World Bank says.
Even so, religious conservatives have a lingering influence over curriculum. Critics say Saudi schooling is long on theology and short on science and math. The kingdom ranked 93rd out of 129 countries in UNESCO'S 2008 quality of education index.
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In the past, only upper class Saudis were educated abroad. The king's scholarship program, by contrast, reaches out to promising young people in all levels of society, says Ahmed al Omran, a Saudi journalist who earned a master's from Columbia University.
At the graduation ceremony in Washington in May, Saudi degree recipients ranged from second-generation U.S. graduates, to the first in their families to read and write.
To be eligible for the program, students must have top grades and generally study in a field targeted by the government—such as business, engineering or medicine. Females are required to be accompanied by a close male relative. The government urges students to avoid political activity and media attention, students say.
In the U.S., closer Saudi ties still generate controversy. While public criticism of Saudi Arabia has generally been muted since 2005, some U.S. critics still focus on what they say are inadequately addressed questions about a possible Saudi government role in the Sept. 11 attacks. Others say the U.S. should have less to do with an ally accused by rights groups of mistreatment of religious minorities, dissidents and others.
U.S. officials have arrested one Saudi college student on terrorism-related charges since the 2001 plots. Last month, Khalid Al Dawsari, a student on private scholarship to Texas Tech University in 2008, was convicted in federal court in Texas on charges alleging he plotted to bomb Mr. Bush's Dallas home and other targets. He wasn't part of King Abdullah's current government scholarship program.
After Mr. Al Dawsari's arrest last year, Rep. Peter King, a New York Republican and chairman of the Homeland Security Committee, called for closer monitoring of Saudi students. "We have to be much, much stricter, much more realistic…when they come from countries such as Saudi Arabia," Mr. King told Fox News. Mr. King's office didn't respond to requests for comment.
Some of Saudi Arabia's harsher critics have supported the scholarship program. "If anybody is going to modernize [Saudi] society, it's going to be people" with exposure to the West, said Elliott Abrams, a conservative policy analyst who served in two Republican administrations. "In that sense I'm all in favor of it."
The long-term impact on Saudi society of so many students being educated abroad remains to be seen. At a coffee shop in the hotel where the graduation ceremony was held in Washington, the recent graduates spoke of eagerness to get back to Saudi Arabia as well as a wistfulness at leaving the U.S.
"The best four years I ever had," graduate Dana Al Mojil said of her study at Portland State University. Ms. Al Mojil was rueful about turning over the keys to her Pontiac to her younger sister and other relatives, who are still studying here. In Saudi Arabia, women aren't permitted to drive.
She will also miss the independence and responsibility she discovered in America. "I pay bills myself. I shop myself," Ms. Al Mojil said. "In Saudi, you don't do that."
Munir Zaimy, a 26-year-old with a new master's degree from Southern Methodist University, said he would return home with new ideas about education, business and other fields. When "we go back, we want things to be better," he said. "Not American, not Saudi—better."
Back in Riyadh, many students who have returned express satisfaction at settling back in with families and jobs and repaying their country with hard work. For others, especially some women, a foreign education is more complicated.
Deema al Mashabi, 24, is weighing whether to accept an offer of a king's scholarship for a master's degree in the U.S. Her mother has asked her to refuse. "She feels that I would like it so much if I do go abroad…that I would never come back," Ms. Al Mashabi says.
Her mother also worries that Saudi men may be reluctant to marry not only Ms. Al Mashabi but her sisters if Ms. Al Mashabi brings Western ways back to the family. Ms. Al Mashabi says that many of her female friends who were scholarship students return home only to move back abroad, to Dubai or elsewhere. Many who come back to stay are unhappy, she said.
In the Saudi kingdom, more than 40% of young Saudi women job-seekers are unemployed because custom and religious code limit where they can work.
Indeed, conservative Saudi clerics have targeted the kingdom's scholarship program, saying it is detaching young Saudi men and women from their religious mooring. "The scholarships dragged woe onto our nation," Sheik Nasser al-Omar told Saudi Arabia's al Sharq newspaper in May.
Elite members of Saudi society have long placed faith in U.S. universities. There are more members of King Abdullah's cabinet holding U.S. doctorates—at least seven—than in President Obama's, which includes two, not counting honorary doctorates. Prince Ahmed bin Abdulaziz al Saud, brought closer in the line of succession by the June death of brother Prince Nayef, could one day become the first U.S.-educated Saudi king, thanks to his bachelor's degree from Redlands College in Redlands, Calif. in the 1960s.
Saudi students have been linked to U.S. universities since the first days of the kingdom. Standard Oil of California—based near the University of Southern California in Los Angeles—signed the first major oil deal with King Abdullah's father, in the 1930s. After that, many upper class Saudis sent their sons and a few daughters to USC.
"That first wave going to the U.S.—they had tremendous impact on the way this country developed," said Abdul Rahman al Zamil, a Saudi businessman and former deputy commerce minister who was one of six brothers to become a USC alum.
But the open door for Saudi students slammed shut in 2001.
"You can't imagine how they treated you," said Sami al Obeid, a Saudi businessman who attended the University of Oregon in 2005-2006. Mr. al Obeid said his U.S. visa was revoked mid-school year, without explanation, and he never finished his U.S. degree.
U.S. universities said they lost about $40 million a year in tuition from Middle Eastern students after 9/11.
After the 2005 meeting between King Abdullah and Mr. Bush, the U.S. government cleared a six-month backlog of Saudi visa applications, said Ms. Townsend, the former homeland security adviser. The visa application process was overhauled to be more efficient.
Behind the scenes, security was tightened. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Central Intelligence Agency and Saudi Arabia's domestic intelligence agency intensified cooperation and screening of visa applicants, Ms. Townsend said. Diplomatic cables made public by WikiLeaks show U.S. and Saudi officials discussing increased monitoring of Saudi students in the U.S., and follow-up interviews by Saudi intelligence of Saudi students while home on school holidays.
On the U.S. political front, top State Department officials briefed members of Congress privately, detailing security measures, Ms. Townsend said. Supporters hoped to head off any scenario in which a member of Congress would "stand up and begin to lambaste the Saudis publicly," she said.
The heightened security for the students has yielded rewards. Both U.S. and Saudi experts credit Saudi counterterror officials under Prince Mohammed bin Nayef, a U.S. university alum, with alerting Americans to two Al-Qaeda-linked bomb plots since 2010. Cooperation on the student applications helped bring Saudi and U.S. intelligence agencies to a "level of transparency as good as it is with Britain," Ms. Townsend said.
A version of this article appeared July 27, 2012, on page A1 in the U.S. edition of The Wall Street Journal, with the headline: Saudi Students Flood In As U.S. Reopens Door.
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Todai is No. 1 in Asia but others slip
Wednesday, Oct. 3, 2012
Kyodo
LONDON — The University of Tokyo, known as Todai, was once again crowned Asia's best university in an annual global ranking released Wednesday, while other Japanese institutions slipped.
The Times Higher Education World University Rankings places the university in 27th place — up from 30th last year — in a table of the world's top 200 schools.
However, the four other Japanese universities in the top 200 fell from last year.
Kyoto University dropped from 52nd to 54th, the Tokyo Institute of Technology moved from 108th to 128th, Tohoku University went down from 120th to 137th and Osaka University fell from 119th to 147th.
Even so, Japan has more universities in the top 200 than any other Asian nation.
Phil Baty, the report's editor, said the declines are due to several factors, including the rise of other Asian schools, particularly in China and Taiwan, and the failure of Japanese universities to adopt a more international outlook.
"Other nations are rising, and standing still will see you fall in the rankings," Baty said. "There's a sense that Japan is perhaps isolated on the world stage, in terms of international collaboration in research and also in terms of international student recruitment.
"A lot of Asian universities have focused on international collaboration and attracting the finest overseas scholars. Japanese universities are not as widely cited in academic research papers as one would expect," he said.
"But Japan has recognized the problem of international isolation and has taken some moves to address the situation. Japan has also not benefited from the kind of focused public investment as in China, which has aimed to create several high-performing universities."
Meanwhile, the California Institute of Technology held on to the world's No. 1 spot, while Harvard University was pushed into fourth place by the University of Oxford and Stanford University, which shared second place.
But the continued presence of Western universities at the top of the table — the United States took seven of the top 10 places — masks the declines these countries have suffered in the overall league table due to the increasingly strong performance of countries like China, Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea.
Caltech named best research university in the world -- again
October 5, 2012 | 7:39 am LATimes
Once again, Caltech is ranked as the best in the world.
The Pasadena institution retained its ranking as the world’s best research university in the 2012-13 World University Rankings released this week by the Times Higher Education magazine in London.
The University of Oxford and Stanford tied for second place. Harvard, last year’s runner-up, placed fourth.
University of California campuses at Berkeley and Los Angeles maintained their top 20 positions despite massive state funding cuts to higher education.
The rest of the top 10 in order were: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Princeton University, University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, UC Berkeley and the University of Chicago.
The rankings use measures such as research funding, faculty publication, the influence of research as measured by citations, the international makeup of faculty and students and the number of doctorates awarded.
Caltech President Jean-Lou Chameau praised the other universities at the top and said he was pleased his institution, home to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was in such good company. He credited the school’s success to a simple recipe.
“We always try to recruit exceptional faculty and exceptional students,” Chameau said. “We try to support them the best we can and we encourage them them to look at big questions, important scientific issues. It has resulted in game-changing types of discoveries.”
Yamanaka wins Nobel Prize / 19th Japanese laureate honored for developing iPS cells
(Oct. 8, 2012)The Yomiuri Shimbun
Shinya Yamanaka, who developed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, has won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which he shared with a British scientist, the Swedish Karolinska Institute announced Monday.
Yamanaka, 50, won the prize for developing and establishing reprogramming technology that can revert somatic cells to their undifferentiated, or embryonic, state.
The British scientist, Sir John Gurdon, 79, is known for successfully cloning frogs in 1962.
Yamanaka, the 19th Japanese Nobel laureate, will receive half of the 8 million Swedish kronor (about 95 million yen) prize money during a ceremony in Stockholm on Dec. 10.
Using a method of introducing certain types of genes into mouse skin cells, Yamanaka in 2006 developed iPS cells that rejuvenated to a state close to that of fertilized ova from mature adult cells. He successfully generated human iPS cells in 2007.
His groundbreaking work opens up possibilities in a wide range of fields, such as the development of regenerative medicine and treatments for intractable diseases.
iPS cells are highly versatile, and able to replenish every type of body cell except for those in the placenta.
Their capacity to multiply almost indefinitely has led to expectations they could have a number of practical applications.
It is hoped they will assist the development of regenerative medicine to replace tissue damaged through injury, such as damage to the spinal cord, or through illness, such as diabetes or Parkinson's disease.
They might also help clarify mechanisms that bring about the onset of intractable diseases and assist in the development of treatments for such illnesses.
Yamanaka is the second Japanese recipient of the physiology or medicine prize. The first was Susumu Tonegawa, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in 1987.
Yamanaka was born in Osaka Prefecture in September 1962.
After graduating from Kobe University School of Medicine, Yamanaka became an assistant at Osaka City University Medical School, then a professor at Nara Institute of Science and Technology.
2 US scientists win Nobel chemistry prize
By KARL RITTER and LOUISE NORDSTROM
Oct 10, 8:49 AM EDT Associated Press
STOCKHOLM (AP) -- Two American researchers won the Nobel Prize in chemistry Wednesday for studies of protein receptors that let body cells sense and respond to outside signals like danger or the flavor of food. Such studies are key for developing better drugs.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka had made groundbreaking discoveries, mainly in the 1980s, on an important family of receptors, known as G-protein-coupled receptors.
About half of all medications act on these receptors, including beta blockers and antihistamines, so learning about them will help scientists to come up with better drugs.
The human body has about 1,000 kinds of such receptors, structures on the surface of cells, which let the body respond to a wide variety of chemical signals, like adrenaline. Some receptors are in the nose, tongue and eyes, and let us sense smells, tastes and light.
"They work as a gateway to the cell," Lefkowitz told a news conference in Stockholm by phone. "As a result they are crucial ... to regulate almost every known physiological process with humans."
Lefkowitz, 69, is an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and professor at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina.
Kobilka, 57, worked for Lefkowitz at Duke before transferring to Stanford University School of Medicine in California, where he is now a professor.
Lefkowitz said he was fast asleep when the Nobel committee called, but he didn't hear it because he was wearing ear plugs. So his wife picked up the phone.
"She said, `There's a call here for you from Stockholm,'" Lefkowitz told The Associated Press. "I knew they ain't calling to find out what the weather is like in Durham today."
He said he didn't have an "inkling" that he was being considered for the Nobel Prize.
"Initially, I expected I'd have this huge burst of excitement. But I didn't. I was comfortably numb," Lefkowitz said.
Kobilka said he found out around 2:30 a.m., after the Nobel committee called his home twice. He said he didn't get to the phone the first time, but that when he picked up the second time, he spoke to five members of the committee.
"They passed the phone around and congratulated me," Kobilka told AP. I guess they do that so you actually believe them. When one person calls you, it can be a joke, but when five people with convincing Swedish accents call you, then it isn't a joke."
He said he would put his half of the 8 million kronor ($1.2 million) award toward retirement or "pass it on to my kids."
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The academy said it was long a mystery how cells interact with their environment and adapt to new situations, such as when they react to adrenaline by increasing blood pressure and making the heart beat faster.
Scientists suspected that cell surfaces had some type of receptor for hormones.
Using radioactivity, Lefkowitz managed to unveil receptors including the receptor for adrenaline, and started to understand how it works.
Kobilka and his team realized that there is a whole family of receptors that look alike - a family that is now called G-protein-coupled receptors.
In 2011, Kobilka achieved another breakthrough when his team captured an image of the receptor for adrenaline at the moment when it is activated by a hormone and sends a signal into the cell. The academy called the image "a molecular masterpiece."
The award is "fantastic recognition for helping us further understand the intricate details of biochemical systems in our bodies," said Bassam Z. Shakhashiri, president of the American Chemical Society.
"They both have made great contributions to our understanding of health and disease," Shakhashiri said. "This is going to help us a great deal to develop new pharmaceuticals, new medicines for combating disease."
Mark Downs, chief executive of Britain's Society of Biology, said the critical role receptors play is now taking for granted.
"This groundbreaking work spanning genetics and biochemistry has laid the basis for much of our understanding of modern pharmacology as well as how cells in different parts of living organisms can react differently to external stimulation, such as light and smell, or the internal systems which control our bodies such as hormones," Downs said in a statement.
The U.S. has dominated the Nobel chemistry prize in recent years, with American scientists being included among the winners of 17 of the past 20 awards.
This year's Nobel announcements started Monday with the medicine prize going to stem cell pioneers John Gurdon of Britain and Japan's Shinya Yamanaka. Frenchman Serge Haroche and American David Wineland won the physics prize Tuesday for work on quantum particles.
The Nobel Prizes were established in the will of 19th-century Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite. The awards are always handed out on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death in 1896.
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AP Science Writer Malcolm Ritter in New York and AP writers Amanda Kwan in Phoenix, Jack Jones in Columbia, South Carolina, and Danica Kirka in London contributed to this report.
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Mo Yan Wins Nobel Literature Prize
By ALAN COWELL
Published: October 11, 2012 20 Comments
PARIS — The Swedish Academy announced on Thursday that it had awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature to Mo Yan, a Chinese author who was said to be “overjoyed and scared” when the Nobel organizers contacted him to say he had won the coveted award.
“Through a mixture of fantasy and reality, historical and social perspectives, Mo Yan has created a world reminiscent in its complexity of those in the writings of William Faulkner and Gabriel García Márquez, at the same time finding a departure point in old Chinese literature and in oral tradition,” the citation for the award declared, striking what seemed a careful balance after campaigns of vilification against other Chinese Nobel laureates.
While his American audience has been limited, a film based on his novel “Red Sorghum” and directed by Zhang Yimou, was one of the most internationally acclaimed Chinese films, seen by millions.
In addition to novels, Mo Yan has published short stories, essays on various topics, and “despite his social criticism is seen in his homeland as one of the foremost contemporary authors,” the citation said.
When the organizers contacted him, said Peter Englund, the secretary of the Swedish Academy, “he said he was overjoyed and scared,” The Associated Press reported, adding that China’s tightly controlled national television took the highly unusual step of breaking into a newscast to announce the award.
Mr. Mo was born in 1955 in Gaomi, China. The citation described him as a writer “who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary.”
The name Mo Yan is a pseudonym for Guan Moye. He is the son of farmers who left school during the Cultural Revolution to work, first in agriculture and later in a factory, according to his Nobel biography.
In 1976 he joined the People’s Liberation Army and began to study literature and write. His first short story was published in a literary journal in 1981, the biography on the Nobel Web site said.
“In his writing Mo Yan draws on his youthful experiences and on settings in the province of his birth,” the biography said, referring to his 1987 novel published in English as “Red Sorghum” in 1993.
His novel “The Garlic Ballads,” as it was called on its publication in English in 1995, and other works “have been judged subversive because of their sharp criticism of contemporary Chinese society.”
Other works include “Big Breasts and Wide Hips” (1996), “Life and Death are Wearing Me Out” (2006) and “Sandalwood Death,” to be published in English in 2013. His most recent published work, called “Wa” in Chinese (2009) “illuminates the consequences of China’s imposition of a single-child policy.”
Mr. Mo was one of three writers tipped by bookmakers to break what critics had seen as a preponderance of European winners over the past decade.
The prize is worth 8 million Swedish kronor, about $1.2 million.
Since 1901, 104 Nobel literature prizes have been awarded, the most recent to Tomas Transtromer, a Swedish poet, whose more than 15 collections of poetry, the academy said last year, offered “condensed, translucent images” through which “he gives us fresh access to reality.”
The Japanese author Haruki Murakami had been tipped by bookmakers as the most likely winner, but the panel selecting the winner prides itself on its inscrutability, keeping its deliberations secret for 50 years.
The last American writer to win a Nobel in literature was Toni Morrison in 1993. Philip Roth has been a perennial favorite but has not been selected.
Nobel committees have announced prizes so far this week in physics, chemistry and medicine. The 2012 Nobel Peace laureate is to be named on Friday by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, and the prize in economics is to be announced on Monday by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
2 Americans win Nobel econ prize for match-making
Oct 15, 12:15 PM EDT
By KARL RITTER and LOUISE NORDSTROM Associated Press
STOCKHOLM (AP) -- Two American scholars were awarded the Nobel economics prize on Monday for studies on the match-making that takes place when doctors are coupled up with hospitals, students with schools and human organs with transplant recipients.
The work of Alvin Roth and Lloyd Shapley has sparked a "flourishing field of research" and helped improve the performance of many markets, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said.
Roth, 60, is a professor at Harvard Business School, but currently is a visiting professor at Stanford University. Shapley, 89, is a professor emeritus at University of California Los Angeles.
Shapley learned that he and Roth had won the $1.2 million award from an Associated Press photographer and another journalist who went to his home in Los Angeles early Monday.
"I consider myself a mathematician and the award is for economics," Shapley told AP by telephone. "I never, never in my life took a course in economics."
Citing "the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design," the award focused on the problem of matching different agents in a market in situations where prices aren't the deciding factor.
Shapley made early theoretical inroads into the subject, using game theory to analyze different matching methods in the 1950s and `60s. Together with U.S. economist David Gale, he developed a mathematical formula for how 10 men and 10 women could be coupled in a way so that no two people would prefer each other over their current partners.
While that may have had little impact on marriages and divorces, the algorithm they developed has been used to better understand many different markets.
In the 1990s, Roth applied it to the market for allocating U.S. student doctors to hospitals. He developed a new algorithm that was adopted by the National Resident Matching Program, which helps match resident doctors with the right hospitals.
He also helped redesign the application process of New York City public high schools, ensuring that fewer students ended up in schools that were not among their top choices.
Similar formulas have been applied to efforts to match kidneys and other human organs to patients needing a transplant, the academy said.
Roth was in California with his wife when he got the call from the prize committee at 3:30 a.m.
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"We missed the first call because we were asleep, but we had time to wake up and think that might be what it was," he told The Associated Press. "My wife is going to go out and get us some coffee, and maybe we'll absorb it."
He said he didn't expect things to change too much, and that he would teach a class at Stanford on Monday.
"But I imagine that they'll be listening with renewed interest," he said. "I think this will make market design more visible to economists and people who can benefit from market design."
Shapley is the son of renowned astronomer Harlow Shapley, whose work early in the 20th century included helping estimate the true size of the Milky Way galaxy.
"Now, I'm ahead of my father," Shapley said. "He got other prizes ... But he did not get a Nobel prize."
David Warsh, who follows academic economists on his Economic Principals blog, says Roth's work has revolutionized the way organs are matched to patients. Before Roth, he says, "there were no economists in that business at all. He's really changed it, and saved a lot of lives."
Prize committee member Peter Gardenfors said the winners' work could also be applied to other areas, such as allocating housing to students or refugees.
"There are economic problems that can't be solved with normal market mechanisms," Gardenfors said. "With these matchings there is no money involved so the main thing is to follow what kind of preferences people have - who wants to be matched with whom - and find a good solution to that."
The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was the last of the 2012 Nobel awards to be announced.
It's not technically a Nobel Prize, because unlike the five other awards it wasn't established in the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish industrialist also known for inventing dynamite.
The economics prize was created by the Swedish central bank in Nobel's memory in 1968, and has been handed out with the other prizes ever since.
Last year's economics prize went to U.S. economists Thomas Sargent and Christopher Sims for describing the cause-and-effect relationship between the economy and government policy.
The 2012 Nobel Prizes in medicine, physics chemistry and literature and the Nobel Peace Prize were announced last week. All awards will be handed out on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death in 1896.
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AP Economics Writer Paul Wiseman in Washington D.C., AP writers Jay Lindsay in Boston and Robert Jablon in Los Angeles, and AP photographer Reed Saxon in Los Angeles contributed to this report.
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Saint Lucia (French: Sainte-Lucie) is a sovereign island country
Two Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis, an economist, and Derek Walcott, a poet and playwright, have come from the island. It is the nation with the second most such honorees per capita after the Faroe Islands.
Ｉｔ is in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 617 km2 (238.23 sq mi) and has a population of 174,000 (2010). Its capital is Castries.
Three U.S. Economists Win Nobel Prize
by Associated Press
October 14, 2013 7:29 AM
Americans Eugene Fama, Lars Peter Hansen and Robert Shiller won the Nobel prize for economics on Monday for developing new methods to study trends in asset markets.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the three had laid the foundation of the current understanding of asset prices.
While it's hard to predict whether stock or bond prices will go up or down in the short term, it's possible to foresee movements over periods of three years or longer, the academy said.
"These findings, which might seem surprising and contradictory, were made and analyzed by this year's laureates," the academy said.
Fama, 74, and Hansen, 60, are associated with the University of Chicago. Shiller, 67, is a professor at Yale University.
American researchers have dominated the economics awards in recent years; the last time there was no American among the winners was in 1999.
The Nobel committees have now announced all six of the annual $1.2 million awards for 2013.
The economics award is not a Nobel Prize in the same sense as the medicine, chemistry, physics, literature and peace prizes, which were created by Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel in 1895. Sweden's central bank added the economics prize in 1968 as a memorial to Nobel.
2 Japanese, 1 American win Nobel Prize in physics
Japan's Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano, and Shuji Nakamura of the U.S. won the 2014 Nobel Prize for physics for inventing a new energy efficient and environmentally friendly light source, the LED, the award-giving body said on Tuesday.
THE ASSOCIATED PRESS / Published: Tuesday, October 7, 2014, 6:37 AM / Updated: Tuesday, October 7, 2014, 6:38 AMA.
Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano of Japan and U.S. scientist Shuji Nakamura won the Nobel Prize in physics on Tuesday for the invention of blue light-emitting diodes — a new energy efficient and environment-friendly light source.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the invention is just 20 years old, "but it has already contributed to create white light in an entirely new manner to the benefit of us all."
Akasaki, 85, is a professor at Meijo University and distinguished professor at Nagoya University. Amano, 54, is also a professor at Nagoya University, while the 60-year-old Nakamura is a professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
The laureates triggered a transformation of lighting technology when they produced bright blue light from semiconductors in the 1990s, something scientist had struggled with for decades, the Nobel committee said.
Using the blue light, LED lamps emitting white light could be created in a new way.
"As about one fourth of world electricity consumption is used for lighting purposes, the LEDs contribute to saving the Earth's resources," the committee said.
Nakamura, who spoke to reporters in Stockholm over a crackling telephone line after being woken up by the phone call from the prize jury, said it was an amazing, and unbelievable feeling.
On Monday, U.S.-British scientist John O'Keefe split the Nobel Prize in medicine with Norwegian couple May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser for breakthroughs in brain cell research that could pave the way for a better understanding of diseases like Alzheimer's.
The Nobel award in chemistry will be announced Wednesday, followed by the literature award on Thursday and the Nobel Peace Prize on Friday. The economics prize will be announced next Monday, completing the 2014 Nobel Prize announcements.
Worth 8 million kronor ($1.1 million) each, the Nobel Prizes are always handed out on Dec. 10, the anniversary of prize founder Alfred Nobel's death in 1896. Besides the prize money, each laureate receives a diploma and a gold medal.
Nobel, a wealthy Swedish industrialist who invented dynamite, provided few directions for how to select winners, except that the prize committees should reward those who "have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind."
Last year's physics award went to Britain's Peter Higgs and Belgian colleague Francois Englert for helping to explain how matter formed after the Big Bang.
Grade Point
Yale keeps the Calhoun name despite racial concerns, but ditches the ‘master’ title
By Isaac Stanley-Becker April 27, 2016 at 11:49 PM The Washington Post
Pic=Students walk on the campus of Yale University in New Haven, Conn. (Reuters/Shannon Stapleton)
NEW HAVEN, Conn. ― Elisia Ceballo-Countryman, a Yale sophomore, predicted that falling asleep in her dormitory Wednesday night would feel “violent.”
That is because the residential college in which she lives will continue to bear the name of John C. Calhoun, an 1804 graduate of Yale College and an intellectual forefather of the Confederacy who famously defended slavery as a “positive good.”
The university has decided not to strip Calhoun’s name from the college, so named in the 1930s, though it will drop the title “master” used for the faculty members who head Yale’s residential communities, following similar moves at Princeton and Harvard. Yale will also name its two new residential colleges, set to open in the fall of 2017, after Benjamin Franklin, the inventor and founding father, and Anna Pauline Murray, a lawyer and civil rights activist and the first black woman ordained as a priest in the Episcopalian church.
The decisions, announced in a Wednesday email from University President Peter Salovey, mark the latest chapter in a searing campus debate over names and symbols that appear to some as relics of white supremacy. The debate reached a fever pitch last fall, when incidents unrelated to the names ― involving a fraternity party and Halloween attire ― touched off protest among minority students who charged their university with treating them as second-class citizens.
As Salovey told aggrieved students in November that the university had “failed” them, the Ivy League school became one of a number of colleges and universities swept up in a national reckoning with racial inequities that have persisted in spite of formal equality. Where the fallout elsewhere unseated high-level university administrators, with the president and chancellor of the University of Missouri stepping down, Salovey responded quickly with a set of promises, including a renewed focus on faculty diversity and the creation of an academic center focusing on race and ethnic studies.
Pic=Yale University students and faculty rallied in November to demand that the New Haven, Conn., school become more inclusive to all students in New Haven, Conn. (Arnold Gold/New Haven Register via AP)
For months, however, the issue of the names, and the title “master,” remained unresolved, decisions belonging to the Yale Corporation, the university’s governing body. Salovey reported the decisions of that body, of which he is a member, in his university-wide announcement on Wednesday.
He said banishing Calhoun’s name would have been a disservice to Yale’s teaching mission, a move, he said, “that might allow us to feel complacent or, even, self-congratulatory” while hindering an honest reckoning with the past.
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“Retaining the name forces us to learn anew and confront one of the most disturbing aspects of Yale’s and our nation’s past,” Salovey wrote. “I believe this is our obligation as an educational institution.”
Calhoun College, long a subject of disagreement owing to the legacy of its namesake, came under renewed scrutiny last summer, following the murder in Charleston, S.C., of nine black churchgoers by a man who exalted Confederate symbols. While the Confederate battle flag came down from capitol grounds in South Carolina, a petition at Yale calling for the renaming of Calhoun College has drawn more than 15,000 signatures. A raft of alternatives were offered ― names as disparate as Frederick Douglass, the self-taught abolitionist, and Roosevelt Thompson, a model student who died in the spring of his senior year at Yale.
Meanwhile, the title of “master” came to the fore last summer when Stephen Davis, a scholar of religious studies who heads Yale’s Pierson College, wrote in an email to the Pierson community that he wished not to be addressed as “master.”
“I think there should be no context in our society or in our university in which an African-American student, professor, or staff member ― or any person, for that matter ― should be asked to call anyone ‘master,’” Davis wrote in August 2015, drawing praise from those who said the title unnerved them and disparagement from some who said the title was simply borrowed from Oxford and Cambridge, where it bore no relationship to the system of chattel slavery that now colors American perception of the word.
Yale’s peer institutions moved more quickly to banish “master,” with Princeton changing the title to “head of college” in November 2015 and Harvard opting for “faculty dean” in February of this year. Yale will change the title to “head of college,” Salovey wrote. While the honorific derives from the Latin word magister, the title, Salovey acknowledged, “carries a painful and unwelcome connotation.” He said on a call with reporters Wednesday evening that the title serves no educational purpose, and was therefore worth eliminating.
But keeping the name of Calhoun College, Salovey wrote in his email, represents a “vital educational imperative” ― the pursuit of a more thorough engagement with the past. He said the university would be looking for new means of highlighting Yale’s history, describing an “interactive history project” involving an examination of Calhoun’s legacy as well as “the lesser-known people, events, and narratives behind the familiar facades we see as we walk through the campus.”
Princeton’s Board of Trustees made a similar decision in voting to retain the name of Woodrow Wilson on campus buildings, after the former president’s legacy came under sharp attack.
At Princeton Wednesday, officials announced a change made in response to protests over race this fall: They will remove a wall-sized photograph of Woodrow Wilson from a dining hall, because of concerns some students raised that his legacy as a university and national leader was tarnished by his segregationist views.
Salovey said he sympathized with students who were troubled by the decision to keep Calhoun but suggested that “the more we confront and discuss issues that are deeply troubling to us, for example the issue of slavery, John C. Calhoun’s role in it, the more we can understand them, the more we can fight for a different kind of future than perhaps the one we’re experiencing now.”
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But Ceballo-Countryman, who is black and Latina, said the announcement reveals that the university’s attempts to engage with students following last semester’s protests were hollow.
“What I’m feeling right now is a deep state of mourning,” she said. “After they made students of color sit through a year of discussions, opening up about deep racial pain, they say we can’t change it. There’s no other way for me to interact with this university any more other than to be apathetic.”
The experience of living in Calhoun, she said, “has becoming increasingly violent.” She said she hopes to find a way to transfer to another residential college.
Others said Salovey’s reasoning resonated with them. Hasan Hanif, also a sophomore in Calhoun, said he saw little reason to erase names.
“Changing the name doesn’t make a difference,” Hanif said. “What matters is what you think about the larger issue.”
Dianne Lake, a senior who is black, said she noticed a “paradox” in the university’s decisions, which “moved one step forward” in honoring Murray but “one step, if not two steps, back” by naming the other new college after Franklin, who owned slaves, though he ultimately freed them.
Salovey said the suggestion of Franklin College came from a member of the Corporation, Charles B. Johnson, who considers the founding father a role model, according to Salovey. Johnson, former chairman of the investment firm Franklin Resources, made the new colleges possible in 2013 with a $250 million gift, the largest in Yale’s history.
“Charlie Johnson did not require that we name that college for anyone as a condition of his gift,” Salovey said Wednesday night. “He asked us when he made his gift ― and I really want you to remember that this is the largest single gift ever given to Yale ― he asked us to consider Benjamin Franklin as the namesake of a college.”
Lake said that naming the college for Franklin represents “another step into the past,” rather than moving into the future. Most vexing, she said, is the university’s strategic use of the past in defending Calhoun College. She said little has been done to educate students about Calhoun’s legacy ― and it is not clear to her how the new initiative will change that.
She said students troubled by the decisions were meeting to figure out a course of action, noting that the announcement came at “a strategically difficult time for students” ― right at the end of the semester. She said she still expected mobilization at some point.
A Yale Police officer was stationed outside of Calhoun Wednesday night, and said it was his understanding that an officer would be there through the night.
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世界のトップランクグループにいつも顔を出すハーバード大学。そのグループには日本の東大は入っていない。卒業生が世界を動かす大学だからこそ、その責任感や義務感も存在する。共和国アメリカを象徴する民主主義の理想を説き、広めたり、守ったり、その理想の実現のために、アメリカの大学の役割は大きい。大学の長い歴史や伝統を変える勇気と、そして現代にマッチした新たな伝統を築き上げようとする英知。凡人はそうした行為を高く評価する。
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Harvard Restrictions Could Reshape Exclusive Student Clubs, U.S.A
By STEPHANIE SAULMAY 6, 2016 The New York Times
Photo=Harvard University is imposing new restrictions on single-gender clubs, including all-male final clubs. Credit Charlie Mahoney for The New York Times
The all-male final clubs at Harvard University have long been bastions of money, power and privilege. But on Friday, 225 years after the oldest club was founded, the university announced restrictions on the organizations that could ultimately be their undoing, or at least drastically change their character by forcing them to become coed.
Starting with the class that enters Harvard in fall 2017, members of single-gender clubs will be prohibited from holding leadership positions on campus, according to a statement released by the university’s president, Drew G. Faust. Members will also be barred from receiving the official recommendations required for prestigious postgraduate fellowships and scholarships, such as the Rhodes and Marshall Scholarships, the statement said.
The new rules will apply not only to the six male final clubs, but also to other single-gender organizations, including five women’s final clubs and nine sororities and fraternities. An estimated 30 percent of undergraduates at Harvard belong to such clubs. Two other formerly male final clubs have already voted to admit women.
Two months ago, a sexual assault task force said the final clubs raised “serious concerns” that required attention from Harvard. Surveys conducted for the university, as well as interviews with undergraduate women, had found that some final clubs fostered an atmosphere of misogyny, sexual misconduct and entitlement.
Harvard is not the first university to take action against single-gender clubs. Fraternities and sororities were banned at Amherst College in 2014, and Wesleyan University announced that same year that it would require fraternities to be coed. Middlebury College is among several other small northeastern institutions that banned such clubs years ago.
Even so, with fraternities at a number of universities under fire as the focus of sexual misconduct complaints, the decision by Harvard could spur other colleges to restrict single-gender clubs.
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In announcing the decision, Dr. Faust described it as another step in Harvard’s efforts to become a “truly inclusive” community.
“Over time,” she said, “Harvard has transformed its undergraduate student body as it welcomed women, minorities, international students and students of limited financial means as an increasing proportion of its population. But the campus culture has not changed as rapidly as the student demography.”
The final clubs have a storied history at Harvard. Theodore Roosevelt was a member of the oldest, the Porcellian Club. Franklin D. Roosevelt was admitted to the Fly Club, also the choice of at least two Massachusetts governors. The Kennedy brothers ― John, Robert and Edward ― were final club members.
Tensions with Harvard dated back more than 30 years, when the male final clubs relinquished college benefits rather than admit women. Last year, aware of mounting pressure from the university, two of the clubs ― Fox and Spee ― voted to admit women.
Dr. Faust said last fall that she and Harvard College’s dean, Rakesh Khurana, were weighing various options to address exclusivity, sexual assault and alcohol abuse in the clubs. And in March, the administration delivered an ultimatum that the clubs should become coed by April 15.
In April, representatives of 13 groups, including the six all-male final clubs, met with Harvard administrators, who had also considered banning the clubs altogether.
That same day, the president of the Porcellian Club’s alumni group, Charles M. Storey, wrote in a letter to The Harvard Crimson, the student newspaper, “Forcing single-gender organizations to accept members of the opposite sex could potentially increase, not decrease, the potential for sexual misconduct.”
In addition to criticizing many of them as centers of sexual misconduct, the March 8 report issued by the Task Force on the Prevention of Sexual Assault said the male final clubs perpetuated a class divide on campus.
The clubs are “imbued with a certain historical tradition that elevates members’ social status on campus,” creating an aura of sexual entitlement, the report said. “A woman’s physical appearance is often seen as the basis for entry to these spaces, and female students described a general expectation that entering final club spaces could be read as implicit agreement to have sexual encounters with members,” it said.
Male students who are not members are excluded from parties at many of the clubs, according to the report, enabling “a gender ratio that makes it easier for members to have a sexual encounter.”
Party themes and invitations have reflected misogynistic views and reinforced a sense of sexual entitlement, according to the report, which also pointed to “competitive games between members where a man will ‘win’ a particular woman or compete for the most sexual triumphs.”
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